Southern Tibet : vol.7 / 372 ページ（カラー画像）

0372	Southern Tibet : vol.7
南チベット : vol.7

a dangerous temporary lake may be formed. Thus the Niaro glacier gave birth
to a lake 200 feet deep, which fortunately discharged gradually during a month.
On the other side of the upper Biafo the snowy peaks Trans-Indus 2 and
Trans-Indus 4 were visible. On the Kiro Ganse a road goes up to Nushik La,
which is the northern watershed of the Basha-Braldoh. The whole district he des-
cribes as one great area of ice-bound mountains, with long trains of ice debouching
out into the drainage lines. And he observes: ¹
The present thickness of the ice is a point not easily determined; but judging from
striae in the sides of ravines from which glaciers have retired, from 300 to 400 feet is not
an exaggerated allowance for what they once have been.
Godwin-Austen was struck by great changes of temperature »in our own times».
He saw many proofs of this. Such were the enormous terminal moraines which in
many places abut on the larger rivers, down to which point glaciers must once
have descended, »and which in some cases must have rivalled in length the present
ones of the Mustakh Range». Such proofs were also the long furrows and striations
in solid rock. Amongst proofs of recent changes he mentions:
Many Passes which were used even in the time of Rajah Ahmed, Shah of Skardo,
are now closed. The road to Yarkund over the Baltoro glacier which before his time was
known as the Mustakh, has by the increase of the ice near the pass become quite im-
practicable. The men of the Braldoh valley were accordingly ordered to search for another
route, which they found in the present pass, at the head of the Punmah glacier above
Chiring. Again, the Jusserpo La can now be crossed only on foot; whereas in former
times ponies could be taken over it. The pass at the head of the Hoh Loombah is now
never used, though there is a tradition that it was once a pass; no one, however, of the
present generation that I could hear of had ever crossed it.
He also quotes several cases in which certain large glaciers have obviously
advanced in later years. These oscillations in the glaciation are very interesting;
to the same class of phenomena belong also the oscillations in the Kumdan glaciers
with which we have dealt in Chapter XXVII, Vol. II of this work.
After the paper² of GODWIN-AUSTEN, Dr. FALCONER, who was a veteran in
the field, gave some interesting commentaries.³ He said that all the best observers,
THOMSON, JACQUEMONT, and others, had been of the opinion that there was but
one great system of mountains. There was no such thing as any break of a mountain-
range, or any distinct mountain chains. There were rivers cutting across them, but,
regarded in one grand aspect, they constituted a series or mass of mountains.
Viewed then, in this light, there were two great ranges which culminated to
especially great altitudes, and which bounded the Indus river to the south and the north;
and this being one of the points where the Himalayan chain attained its greatest elevation,
there the glacial phenomena were developed in most grandeur and upon the loftiest scale.

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