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| 0748 |
Southern Tibet : vol.7 |
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the rivers flowing from south to north and belonging to the Tarim system we find
that they decrease in volume from west to east. Yarkand-darya is incomparably
the greatest. The joined waters of the Kara-kash and Jurun-kash are not sufficient
to permit the Khotan-darya to reach the Tarim the whole year round, though it has
enough volume to overcome the desert. The next river to the east, the Keriya-darya,
is overwhelmed by the sands in the middle of the desert, and the still farther east-
flowing rivers, the Tolan-khoja and its neighbours, disappear amongst the dunes
not very far from the northern foot of the mountains. The Cherchen-darya, on
account of its extended drainage area, is an exception to the rule.
During the moist period all these rivers were much larger than now. The
Khotan-darya flowed the whole year round to the Tarim, as also did the Keriya-darya.
The small rivers east of the latter joined into one or two main rivers which probably,
at least in June and July, reached the Tarim. This abundance of water formed a
lake many times larger than the present Lop-nor. Heaps of sand and dust were
carried down into the depression, which therefore became as level as I found it in
1901. When the desiccation began the rivers gradually decreased in volume, the
sand dunes inundated the basin, the old Buddhist civilisation, the traces of which we
have found at several places in Eastern Turkestan, disappeared; the large lake dwindled,
and later on only a comparatively small lake remained in the northern part of the
Lop Desert with the Chinese colony Lou-lan at its northern shore. Finally this lake
dried up and another was formed in the southern part of the desert. If the desiccation
continues in the future the Lop-nor will disappear completely and the sand dunes
will bury the lower course of the Khotan-darya as they have done long ago with
the lower courses of the Kara-muran, Bostan-toghrak, Tolan-khoja and Keriya-darya.
We have (p. 20) found the mean altitude of 6 lakes belonging to the folding
trough of Wellby between the Koko-shili and Dungbure systems, to be 4956 m.
Taking now all the altitudes entered on Colonel Byström's map in 1:1000,000 (vide
Atlas) of the same trough, we get for the central part, from the region just west of
Lake Markham to the region south of Lac de l'Antilope 4885 m.¹ The mean
altitude of the next section which goes to the fresh-water lake of the Chumar river,
is 4898 m. Here the number of altitudes is 17, of which three were taken by me
at points where I crossed Wellby's route in 1900 and 1901.² Only in the eastern-
most part of this valley is the fall towards China clear and marked by the Chumar
River. It is surprising that the last lake of Wellby, the one through which the
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773
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788
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801
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833
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848
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864
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876
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888
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