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| 0029 |
Southern Tibet : vol.8 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
the Oxus and showed the road through Eastern Turkistan and over the Pamir passes; then
he opened the commercial intercourse between east and west, which in such an enormous
degree developed the geographical knowledge of the Chinese. Some wise emperors of
the Han dynasty (B. C. 206—220 A. D.) understood how to encourage both the connection
with the western world and the geographical exploration of Central Asia, more especially the
Tarim Basin, which in greater degree than other countries came under their influence.¹ Three
works from those times have brought down detailed information of the greater parts of Central
Asia; namely the Shih-chi of Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien, who died about B. C. 85, and who relates the
narrative of Chang Ch'ien's journey², — the Ch'ien Han-shu or Annals of the earlier Han
(B. C. 206—24 A. D.) with its information regarding the Western countries (Hsi-yü 西域),
and the Hou Han-shu, or Annals of the later Han dynasty (25—220 A. D.) with its ad-
ditional remarks to the older Han Annals. From these works we get a very good idea
of the geographical knowledge of the Chinese during the Han dynasty.
2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE TS'UNG-LING.
The book of the Ch'ien Han-shu, which especially interests us in this connection,
has been translated by A. Wylie. The following extract assists us in the attempt to identify
the Ts'ung-ling mountains. Of the 36 kingdoms then situated in the Tarim Basin the Han
Annals tell³:
On the west it is limited by the Ts'ung-ling. The Southern Mountains (Altyn-tagh) commence
on the east from Chin-ch'eng 金城 (Lan-chou), and are connected with the southern hills of China.
The Ho (River) has two sources, one of which rises in the Ts'ung-ling mountains (Kashgar-darya),
the other in Yü-t'ien (Khotan). Khotan lies at the foot of the Southern Mountain, and the river
runs northward till it joins its confluent from the Ts'ung-ling, and then flows eastward into the P'u-ch'ang
Sea⁴ 蒲昌海, which is also called the Salt Marsh.
Here the Ts'ung-ling mountains are placed west of Eastern Turkistan. The Altyn-
tagh, the northern branch of the Kwenlun, forms the southern boundary of the eastern part
of the Tarim Basin, though Khotan also seems to be placed at the base of the mountains.
The location of the Ts'ung-ling is further defined by the information that both the Kashgar-
darya and the Yarkand-darya take their rise from this system.
In how far the name of that time was bound to the western mountains is already
proved by the observation that the Ts'ung-ling is not mentioned at all in the adjoining
mountainous regions to the north and south, viz., first on the line from Wen-su (Uch-Turfan)
to the Wu-sun, on Issik-köl, and secondly from P'i-shan (on the Kilian River to the
west of Khotan) via Wu-ch'a to North-western India⁵. Regarding this last-mentioned
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