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| 0031 |
Southern Tibet : vol.8 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
Remarkable for giving the situation of the Hanging Passage and the Ts'ung-ling
is also the following information of the Han Annals:
Among the dangers of the passage through the Western regions, are, near home the dragon
mound (sandhills on the Lop-nor); and more remote, the Ts'ung-ling, the Fever Bank, the Head-ache
Mountain (s. above) and the Hanging Passage.¹
Compared with that date, the Ts'ung-ling is strictly localised westward from Su-lo
(Kashgar). The Chinese text says that Yüen-tu, a little kingdom to the west of Su-lo,
lies yet east of the Ts'ung-ling and »to the south is the uninhabited region of the Ts'ung-
ling. Ascending the Ts'ung-ling on the west is Hsiu-hsün.« The people »move about the
Ts'ung-ling, where they can find water and pasture for their flocks and herds.«² While
according to the Chinese distances Yüen-tu must lie near Irkeshtam and Hsiu-hein in the
Alai Valley³, the Ts'ung-ling is here the passage over the Tong-burun or Taun-murun Pass.
Both Hsi-yü and Ts'ung-ling are rather vague and uncertain significations. The
definition given by the Han Annals to the Hsi-yü or Western countries, that they are
bounded by high mountains to the north, west and south, and in the east bordering on
China proper, would identify them with Eastern Turkistan. But the Hsi-yü has also a
political meaning, including all the countries conquered by the Chinese, and its boundaries
therefore go far outside of Eastern Turkistan. At about B. C. 100 even Ferghâna was
included within the Hsi-yü. In the north the Hsiung-nu or Huns, in the southwest the
Great Yüeh-chih, were in those days the most powerful neighbours of China. At 100 A. D.
Pamir, or Ts'ung-ling again had become the western boundary of the empire.⁴
Herrmann adds the following data:
Auf demselben Standpunkt wie die Han-Annalen steht auch das Shui-ching, das
in seinen ältesten Bestandteilen auf die nämliche Zeit zurückgeht. Während das Shui-ching
oder der Wasserklassiker, über das unten weiterhin die Rede sein wird, im 3. Jahrn. n. Chr.
verfaßt ist, hat um das Jahr 500 Li Tao-yüan einen ausführlichen Kommentar hinzugefügt,
der später durch einen weiteren Kommentar ergänzt ist.⁵ Auch im Shui-ching werden
Ts'ung-ling, Südgebirge und Hängender Übergang voneinander unterschieden. Sodann wird
im Kommentar eine sonst unbekannte Schrift, das Hsi-ho-chiu-shih, d. h. alte Geschichten
über den Westfluß, zitiert: »Der Ts'ung-ling ist 8000 li westlich von Tun-huang (Sha-chou);
seine Berge sind sehr hoch. Oben bringt er Zwiebeln hervor, daher kommt der Name
Ts'ung-ling (Zwiebelpässe).«
3. THE TS'UNG-LING AND THE SOURCES OF THE HUANG-HO.
About the same time a double geographical error makes its appearance in the Chinese
literature, an error that is reiterated again and again into rather recent times. First it
is the identification of the mountains south of Khotan with the source region of the Huang-ho
to which, through a misunderstanding, the name of the barbarian tribe of the Kun-lun
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582
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