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| 0066 |
Southern Tibet : vol.8 |
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OCR Text
combined. In 719, Samarkand and other kingdoms invoked the aid of China against the
armies of Islam, while the Arab leaders sought to obtain the co-operation of the minor
states on the Indian borderland. The chiefs of Udyāna (Swāt), Khottal (west of Badakhshān),
and Chitrāl, having refused to listen to Muslim blandishments, were rewarded by the emperor
of China with letters patent conferring on each the title of king; and a similar honour
was bestowed upon the rulers of Gilgit (Little Po-lu), Zābulistan (Ghazni), Kapīśa and
Kashmir. China made every effort to organize these frontier kingdoms so as to form an
effective barrier against both Arabs and Tibetans.¹
During the period K'ai-yüen, 713—741, the Chinese conquered and pacified the
kingdom Ho-p'an-t'o, and established »Le poste militaire de Ts'ong-ling qui est le point gardé
militairement le plus extrême sur la frontière du Ngan-si».² From Book XLIII, b, of the
T'ang-shu Chavannes has extracted the following information: Ȉ 600 li au sud ouest de
Sou-le (Kachgar), on arrive au poste militaire de Ts'ong-ling qui est l'ancien royaume de
Kie-p'an-t'o». The protectorate of An-hsi included the whole of the present Eastern
Turkistan. Chavannes shows that this Ts'ung-ling »n'est qu'un autre nom du pays de
Ho-p'an-t'o, le Sirikoul de nos jours». The military post of Ts'ung-ling, or Tashkurgan,
was at 500 li east of Shighnān.³
In his chapter: »Les pays de la Transoxane et de la région comprise entre l'Oxus et
l'Indus, de milieu du septième au milieu du huitième siècles», Chavannes has made the
following résumé of the regions interesting us:⁴ At the same time as China proclaimed
her suzerainty along the territories situated north of the Tien-shan and forced her way
to the very shores of the Caspian, she did not forget to keep her eyes on the road crossing
Eastern Turkistan and the Pamirs, and descending through the valleys of Gilgit and
Chitrāl to the Indus. From 720 to 745 the investiture was conferred upon the kings of
Kashmir, Khotan, Kashgar, Zābulistan, and Kapīśa-Udyāna. It was necessary to keep
open the road through Wakhān and the valley of Gilgit, unless the relations with Kashmir,
Udyāna, Kapīśa and Zābulistan should become interrupted. This road was constantly
menaced by the Tibetans and the imperial gouvernment had often to show her power in
these parts of the western mountains. In 720 the king of Wakhān received his investiture,
in 722 the king of Little Pu-lu (Gilgit) secured assistance against the Tibetans, in 737 the
latter nation was attacked near Koko-nor as a diversion delivering the king of Gilgit,
and in 742 the Chinese government congratulated the king of Wakhān upon having broken
his relations with the Tibetans, and put himself under China's protection. The Tibetans,
however, continued being troublesome, and at the death of the king of Gilgit, who had
been created by the Chinese, they succeeded in bringing his successor under their depen-
dency. Consequently some twenty kingdoms to the N. W. of Gilgit came also under
Tibetan dominion. The tribute was no longer sent to the court. As China thus had lost
her influence and power in the far West it became necessary to reconquer the lost territories,
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582
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