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| 0097 |
Southern Tibet : vol.8 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
67
In this short extract the *Ts'ung-ling* is not mentioned. Nor is it mentioned in
the narrative of the ambassador, who, in 1220, was sent by the emperor of the *Chin* (Kin)
*dynasty* to Chingis Khan. He is said to have taken the road of Bolor-tagh to Herat.
Another narrative from the same time is written by a minister¹ who accompanied Chingis
Khan on his campaign 1219—1225 to the countries in the West. His data are sufficient to
determine the great military road that joined Mongolia with the West, and which was
used by the Mongol armies. According to this minister the conqueror brought his army
the same way that Ch'ang-ch'un had travelled over the Chinese *Altai* and the *Black Irtish*.
In the same year or 1220, another traveller, Wu-ku-sun² 吾 吉 蓀, vice-president of
the Board of Rites, »proceeded along the northern border of the Hsia empire³, crossed the
Liu-sha desert⁴, passed over the *Ts'ung-ling* mountains, arrived in the *Hsi-yü* (Western
countries), and was presented to the emperor (Chinghiz)«. He had travelled seven or eight
thousand li before he »arrived at a mountain. East of it all rivers flow to the east; west of it they
run to the west«. Here *Ts'ung-ling* is obviously meant to be the mountains west of *Kashgar*.
The courier Ch'ang-te 常 德, who in 1259 was sent by the Mongol Khan Mangu
from the capital *Karakorum* through Central Asia to *Persia*, were Mangu's brother
Hulagu reigned, followed the northern road to *Samarkand*. »He crossed the river
*Hu-ch'ien* (Sir-darya). The people said that the sources of this river run out from the
great mountain in the south. This mountain, which produces an abundance of yü (jade), is
supposed to be the *K'un-lun*.« Later on in his narrative he mentions *Kashmir*, but the
name *Ts'ung-ling* he does not mention at all.
5. WORKS OF THE MING PERIOD.
Although the *Ming dynasty* (1368—1644 A. D.) had given up political and diplomatic
relations with the West, the commercial intercourse with the countries of Islam still remained
so considerable that the *Ts'ung-ling* as a mountain passage was not forgotten.
To begin with, a few remarks in the *Ming-shih, i. e.* History of the Ming, should
be noticed. Of *Khotan*, for instance, it is said⁶:
Im Süden lehnt es sich in 200 li Entfernung an den *Ts'ung-ling*; im Nordosten ist es 6300 li
vom *Chia-yü-kuan* 嘉 峪 關 (Sperrtor der Mauer bei Sü-chou) entfernt. Im allgemeinen kann man
sagen, daß *Samarkand* 撒 馬 兒 罕, der mächtigste Staat im Süden vom *Ts'ung-ling* ist, *Khotan* der
mächtigste Staat im Norden . . . . Östlich von der Stadt ist der Fluß des weißen Nephrits (Yurung-kash-
darya), westlich der des grünen Nephrits, noch mehr im Westen der des schwarzen Nephrits (Kara-kash-
darya). Ihre Quellen sind im *K'un-lun-Gebirge*.
Thus we find that after the Sung period the opinions have hardly changed. While
the *K'un-lun* is regarded as the source region of the Khotan River, the *Ts'ung-ling* is
looked upon as the next elevation south or south-west of *Khotan*. If in this connection
the Ming-shih places the regions of *Samarkand* not west but south of the *Ts'ung-ling*,
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582
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