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| 0117 |
Southern Tibet : vol.8 |
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CHAPTER XI.
CONCLUSION.
When in the first century B. C. the Chinese subdued the nations of the oases of the Tarim basin, they called the mountain passages that lead to still farther countries in the west the Ts'ung-ling. As a signification of the passages across the Pamir this name was adopted in their Annals of the Han dynasty. An extended application of the name followed in the 5—7th centuries in the time of the Northern Dynasties. Especially mountain ranges situated in the neighbourhood to the west and east were entered in the conception Ts'ung-ling. In the north-west the Ts'ung-ling thus went as far as to the lower course of the Jaxartes, in the west to Samarkand, in the south-west it stretched to Ghazni, and in the east to the region south of Khotan where the mountains, called Southern mountains, had so far been separated from the Ts'ung-ling. And if we remember that the Kingdom of Ladies, which was situated in the Goldland of Rudok, was located south of the Ts'ung-ling, it becomes obvious that at this epoch the whole Kara-korum was regarded as a part of the Ts'ung-ling. However, this expansion of the Ts'ung-ling does not always seem to be the result of direct observation, but rather of cartographic information.
The extended application of the name appears no more in the time of the T'ang dynasty (7—9th centuries). The pilgrim Hsüan-chuang who knew the mountains by his own experience, expresses his opinion clearer than anybody else. According to him the Ts'ung-ling is bounded on the north by the Issik-köl and the Thousand Springs of Aulie-ata, on the west by Kunduz (between Badakhshan and Balkh), on the south by the Himalayas, and on the east by Yarkand. Therefore it becomes evident that he excludes not only the mountain regions of Ghazni, but also all the ranges south-east of Yarkand, amongst them the Kara-korum, from his Ts'ung-ling. The Hindu-kush he regards as being a part of the Himalayas.
However, in the collective works of later centuries the older conception was again adopted, according to which the mountains south of Khotan were a part of the Ts'ung-ling which on the north stretched the whole way to the region of Ili. This view is particularly clearly developed in the Geography of the Ming dynasty.
It was only during the Manchu dynasty, where older and later sources regarding the Ts'ung-ling were gathered and compared with one another, that the Chinese geographers became aware of the great difference existing between the statements of the Han dynasty and those of the later historical works. As a rule the oldest conception was accepted, according to which the Ts'ung-ling is bounded to the Pamir. But other authors preferred
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