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mkhar. These districts he assigned to Hatam-Khan (Hetan-Khan ?), Sultan-Khan, and
(L MS.) 'A-li-Khan (B MS.), these three severally. The chieftain of Skar-rdo and all
the Sbal-tis were unanimous in their complaints to the Nawābs (Nawab of Kashmir)
[of these high-handed proceedings]. In anger [thereat] an army of Hor (Mughal)
numbering 200,000 arrived at Pa-sa-ri ; but the minister Hbrug-rnam-rgyal of La-dvags
and the forces occupying [the castle] fought a battle against the Hor army, and killed
many Hor soldiers. They captured ensigns and kettle-drums, winning a complete
victory over the enemy.

NOTES BY DR. K. MARX

The Sakya-thub-pa of Shel is an image of Buddha at Shel which is still there, as well as the mchod-rten.
The thirteen wheels of a mchod-rten : in Ladakh, wherever there are any, there are always thirteen of these
wheels; but many mchod-rtens are entirely without them. They are almost always red, and decrease
upwards in size from below, so as to form a slender cone. In this case they are of copper and gilt. I believe
their number is in some way connected with Shamanism. Radloff, in speaking of the Shamanists in Siberia,
mentions thirteen worlds, through which the man who strives to obtain perfection has to press upwards.
The top ornament of a mchod-rten, which resembles a large open flower (lotus), is called zar-ra-zag
(sa-ra-tshag). There are eight types of mchod-rtens (stūpas) ; the Byak-chub is distinguished by square
steps, the Rnam-rgyal by circular steps. The name 'long mani' for mani wall is given in contradistinction
from the 'round mani', the mani driven by water, wind, etc. The 'long mani' mentioned above is the
most conspicuous mani wall in the whole country.

NOTES BY THE TRANSLATOR

Local names. Hem-bab is the half Tibetan, half Dard name of the town and district of Dras, on the
Tibetan side of the Zoji pass. It means 'snow (hem, hima) falling'. The Lte-bar (Te-bar) gorge is situated
half-way between Leh and the Indus bridge, on the road to Chu-sod. Ldum-ra (lit. 'fruit-garden') is the
classical Tibetan name of Nub-ra (lit. 'western realm'), a province of Ladakh in the Shayok valley, north of
Leh. He-nas-ku is a castle and town in a side valley at the eastern end of the Bod-Mkhar-bu valley. It
formed part, apparently, of either the principality of Cig-tan, or that of Dkar-rtse. After its conquest
a branch line of the West Tibetan dynasty resided there (see later). Stag-rtse was a castle of the chiefs of
Cig-tan, situated on the right bank of the Cig-tan River in the Bod-Mkhar-bu valley. Sa-dkar (Sha-gar) is
another castle of the Cig-tan chiefs. It is situated in a side valley on the right bank of the Cig-tan River,
a few miles below Cig-tan. Sod is a castle in the vicinity of Kargil (Dkar-kyi). Sum-hbran is not known to me.
Kha-pu-lu is a Sbal-ti principality on the lower Shayok. Chor-hbad is a district in the Shayok valley, north
of the Chor-hbad pass. The situation of Mho-rtse-mkhar is not known to me.

With regard to the war mentioned in the above account, it is, in my opinion, identical with Seṅ-ge-rnam-
rgyal's Mughal war. Here we hear of Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal's exploits in that same war. The general
drift of events seems to have been as follows :—At first Prince Bde-ldan marched against the two Pu-rig
chiefs, those of Cig-tan and Dkar-rtse, who were subdued. Then he crossed the Chor-hbad pass and
conquered part of Baltistan. The conquered districts were made over to three Muhammadan chiefs, possibly
younger brothers or relatives of the reigning chiefs of those districts. Then the Sbal-ti chiefs asked the
Nawab of Kashmir to intervene. In consequence of this Shah Jahan sent a large army of Mughal soldiers
against the Ladakhis. Then King Seṅ-ge-rnam-rgyal himself had to march against the enemy, and, in the
end, the Mughal army was compelled to leave Ladakh without having conquered it. I do not yet know of
any clear account of this war from a Mughal point of view. It is incidentally mentioned by Bernier (London, 1914,
pp. 421 sqq.). But the date given by Bernier evidently refers to the battle of Bah-sgo (see later). 'In-da-bhoti-
rnam-rgyal was made vassal-king of Gu-ge, on Stag-tshan's recommendation. His Lamaist training made him
particularly fitted for the post of exterminator of Christianity in that principality. Bde-mchog-rnam-rgyal became
vassal-king of Zans-dkar and Spi-ti. Several inscriptions containing his name were discovered by two Tibetan
munshis, sent to Spi-ti by Mr. G. C. L. Howell, Assistant Commissioner of Kulu. The line of Zans-dkar
kings which ended with Rin-chen-don-grub-rnam-rgyal in 1841 A.D. was probably descended from him.