National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

M.V. and a Manchú garrison of soldiers of the Green Dragon standard. In the Ila
district seven thousand Musalmán families were reduced to serfdom as tillers of
the soil, whilst the remnant of the Zúnghári were granted roaming tracts in their
former locale. The government was confided to a Tsian Tsiun or Jáng-Jáng =
"Viceroy," with three Lieutenants at Ila, Túrbaghátai, and Káshghar; but the
details of local government were left to be administered as before by Musalmán
officers. Chinese garrisons, however, were located in the principal cities, outposts
were established on the frontiers, and post stages built on all the main routes for
quick communication. And thus the Chinese secured their conquest.

This success of the Chinese arms alarmed the Islám polity all over Central Asia,
though the border Chiefs immediately under their influence professed vassalage to the
Chinese Emperor. Ablai of the Middle Horde in 1766 A.D. submitted to the
Boghdo Khán, and was granted the title of Prince. Núr 'Ali of the Little Horde
in token of submission sent envoys to Pekin. Whilst Adania or Erdáná Bí, the
Khan of Khocand in 1758 A.D., and then his successor, Nárbota Bí, recognized the
protectorate of China. But the rest of Central Asia was panic-struck by the estab-
lishment of the Chinese rule on their very frontier.

In 1762 A.D. Chinese mandarins with an escort of a hundred and thirty men
went to Ablai, and demanded horses and supplies for an army to invade Turkistán
and Samarcand in the spring. On this Erdáná Bí of Táshkand, and Fazl Bí of
Khujand, and the independent Kirghiz Chiefs sent envoys to seek aid from Sháh
Ahmad—the Durráni who, after the death of Nadir, had raised Afghanistan into an
independent kingdom, and the Afghans to the proud position of the most powerful
nation of the East.

Ahmad had, ten years before, conquered all the country on the left bank of the
Oxus from Chárjúe up to its head waters in Badakhshán, and now in 1763 A.D., in
answer to the call for Islámite aid, he sent a force of Afghans to protect the frontier
between Táshkand and Khokand. And at the same time he sent an embassy direct
to Pekin to demand the restitution of the Muhammadan States of Eastern Turkistán.
Meanwhile in 1765 A.D. the people of Úsh Turfán, forestalling the Musalmán aid
reckoned on, rose in revolt, but the rebellion was at once quelled by a massacre of the
citizens and the complete destruction of the town.

The Afghán deputation was not well received at the Chinese capital, and the
Durráni sovereign was at the time too much engaged against the Sikhs to turn his
attention in this direction. And the Chinese on their side were deterred from further
conquest in the helpless States of Central Asia to the west by the presence of an
Afghán army of fifteen thousand men in Badakhshán; sent there to ravage the
country and execute the King, Sultan Sháh, in revenge for his murder of the two
refugee Khojas in 1760 A.D. They brought under subjection, however, the Kirghiz
on the north-west, and yearly sent a force from Káshghar and Turbaghatai, accom-
panied by Chinese traders for barter, to collect the annual revenue of one per cent. of
horses and cattle and one per mille of sheep, in return for the privilege of pasturing
on the steppe between Lake Balkash and the Alátágh.

After the revolt of Úsh Turfán, the Chinese rule was undisturbed till 1816 A.D.,
when Zí'áuddin Akhúnd, Karátaghlúc of Táshmalik or Táshbalígh = "stone town,"
to the west of Káshghar, rebelled and with a party of Kirghiz raided the Chinese
outposts. He was soon captured and executed, but his son, Ashraf Beg, carried on
the war till he shared the same fate. His young brother, however, was sent to Pekin,
where he was executed on attaining full age.

This quelled the Karátaghlúc for a time, and the government went on without
any serious outbreak till 1825 A.D., when the appearance of the Russians on the
Bogú camp grounds and the seven rivers led to a decline of the Chinese prestige,
which was presently confirmed by the revolt of the Khoja Jahángír.

Under the Chinese rule certain trading privileges were accorded to the city of
Aksú and those to the west of it, which were not granted to Kúchá and the other
cities to the east; whilst no Musalmán trader was allowed to go northward by the