国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

His administrative staff consisted of a Kichik Ambán, "Little Governor" or Deputy Governor,
a sort of Private and Foreign Secretary combined, who was the medium of communication for
all the next subordinate ranks; a Yáng Táy Dálay, "Chief Military Commandant," who
had the control of all the troops in the country; a Yáng Pang Dálay, or "Chief Civil
Administrator," who superintended the trade, post, and intelligence departments; the Sang
Dálay, "Chief Finance Minister," who supervised the revenue returns, trade imports, and
municipal taxes; and Khobóy Dáláy, "Chief Judicial Administrator," with whom rested the
control of the Law Department; cases affecting only Khitay subjects he settled himself, but
those occurring between Musalman and Khitay he referred, in conjunction with the Wáng, for
the decision of the Khán Ambán. Each of these Dáláy or "chiefs" had under him a Ghaldáy
or "Deputy," who really did all the work, and brought it in each case to his Dáláy for con-
firmation; and each Ghaldáy had under him a staff of subordinates, such as messengers, writers,
policemen, &c., whose chief was called Doghobeg. A similar staff formed the Government
establishment under an Ambán in each division of the province, and each of those divisional
Ambán reported direct to the Khán Ambán at Yarkand. The divisional Ambáns always resided
at the chief city or capital town of their respective divisions, in a separate citadel called
Yangishahr, which was held by the Khitay troops, under the command of a Dáláy, who was
next in rank to the Ambán. The Dáláy commandants were of different ranks, distinguished
by the colour of the balls on their hats, and in the larger garrisons, as those of Yarkand and
Káshghar, there were two or three of them. The highest was called Changtáy Dáláy, and
the next in order Khó, and Má, and Yé, &c. The Má Dáláy held command of the Trengani
troops. The second in command of these Dáláy was called Ghaldáy, and under him were the
Zúngyá or Captain (Júzbáshi), the Konyá, or Lieutenant (Pinjábáshi), the Linyá or Serjeant
(Onbáshi), and the Chirik, or Private (Jigit). These were the principal Chinese officers, and all
the higher grades were changed every two or three years for new incumbents, sent either from
Ila, or from Pekin.

The Musalman officers held their appointments at the option of the Khán Ambán who
usually received heavy bribes from time to time to retain them in their posts, though in the
first place, the highest grades were always appointed from Ila, and the officer selected was
always a native of some other city than that in which he held office; thus a native of
Aksú would be sent to Khutan, one of Turfán to Yarkand, and so on.

The highest rank was called Hákim Beg, or "Governor Commandant," and corresponded
with that of the divisional Ambán. The Chinese called this officer Wáng or "chief." He
carried out the details of Government over the Musalman subjects of the division; he ruled and
was responsible directly to the Ambán for the maintenance of order, collection of the revenue,
and protection of the frontier. He had no authority whatever over Khitay or Kalmák subjects,
and very little over the foreign Musalmans, as will be presently seen, and was in all respects
subordinate to the Ambán. The Wáng, Commissioner of Division, resided in a palace inside
the city or town, with a considerable staff of officials attached to his court, and a guard of
Khitay troops, under a Zúngya, which was periodically relieved from the Yangishahr. He had
a "Deputy Commissioner" called Ishikághási, who superintended the details of the Municipal
Government, and reported direct to the Wáng. The executive staff comprised a number of
officers who acted under a chief called Beg. There was a Beg or "Assistant Commissioner"
appointed to the charge of each district of the division, and his duties were, to maintain order,
keep the roads, and collect the revenue. His staff comprised a Cazí or "judge," a Zakátchi, or
"customs officer," a Jebachi or "revenue collector," together with a treasurer, secretary, and a
number of messengers and policemen, and in certain localities a guard of Khitay troops under
a Zungyá or Linyá according to its strength.

The subordinate Musalman officials had no dealings with the Khitay, who were under
officers of their own nation; nor had the Khitay officials any direct dealings with the
Musalmans. The latter were entirely governed by their own Hákim Beg or Wáng, who decided
their law-suits amongst themselves on his own authority. But cases affecting both Musalman
and Khitay were adjudicated conjointly by the Wáng and Khobóy Dáláy, or referred for
final decision to the Ambán. The chief duty of the Wáng, so far as the Chinese were