国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

Chapter III. The Successive Cultures at Anau.—Continued.
Chronology.—Continued.
Average of these rates in city of Anau 2.5 feet per century.......................... 55
Culture-strata of the kurgans much more compacted and rate of growth taken at 2 feet
per century.................................................... 55
Results of author's study of rates of growth of village mounds at Egyptian temples show
in the six cases studied rates ranging from 1.35 to 1.9 feet, an average of 1.66
feet per century................................................ 55-56
Estimated dating of the different cultures at Anau................................ 57
Cycles............................................................. 57-62
Cyclical character of the aggradings and cuttings-down............................ 57
Reasons for ascribing them to climatic changes rather than to orogenic movements..... 57
Geological evidence from Ghiaur Kala confirmatory of historical evidence............. 58
Parallelism with rise and decay of civilizations and with biological changes........... 58
Cycles of 3,000 to 4,000 years.................................................. 59
The graphic representation on plate 5........................................... 59
Relation of cycles to the successive civilizations of the North and South Kurgans.... 60
Relation of cycles to Anau city................................................. 61
The 2,200-foot Askhabad well possibly a time scale in glacial geology................. 62

Chapter IV. Hypothesis of the Oasis-world...................................... 63-66
The two earliest civilizations, I and II, distinguished by complete absence of axes, spear-
points, and arrow-heads............................................... 63
This indicates absolute isolation from Europe and Africa since a time earlier than the
invention of these implements.......................................... 63
Therefore Anau Cultures I and II wholly native to the region of inner-continental isolation 63
This isolation must date from one of the stages of the Glacial period................. 63
The post-glacial progressive trend towards aridity caused segregation of peoples, first into
larger groups and later into smaller ones on isolated oases or in high moun-
tain valleys, causing differentiation in evolution of social organization and
culture........................................................ 64
The earliest culture at Anau presupposes a long-continued previous evolution.......... 64
Cultures I and II show inheritance from a still earlier stage common to both, knowing
town life and cultivation of wheat and barley.............................. 64-65
People of Culture III (South Kurgan) were related to those of I and II, but they show, in
stone arrow-points and objects of foreign cults, influence of cultures from
without the sphere of isolation........................................ 65
No evidence of Mediterranean influence.......................................... 65
Evidence of a regionally widespread autochthonous culture-evolution.................. 65
The gradual shrinkage of habitable areas and disappearance of herds of wild animals;
mankind concentrated on oases necessarily begins the evolution of agri-
culture........................................................ 65
Growing need leads to beginning of irrigation, to broader development of agriculture and
conquest of arid regions, rendering possible the centralized, imperial civili-
zations of Elam and Babylonia.......................................... 66
The fundamental essentials of civilization that were native to the sphere of isolation
were agriculture, domestication of animals, use of copper and lead, the arts
of spinning and of painting on pottery.................................. 66
The intervention of the Glacial period and its reaction on inner-continental conditions
were the initial, conditioning factors in the evolution of the intellectual
and social life of man................................................ 66

Chapter V. The Migrations.................................................. 67-75
Since cultivation of cereals began long before 8000 B. C. (before founding of North Kurgan),
and since domestication of animals was accomplished successively between
8000 and 6800 B. C., that is, after the founding of North Kurgan, it follows—
I, that the agricultural stage preceded the nomadic shepherd stage in Asia............. 67
II, that before domestication of animals, mankind in Central Asia was sharply divided
into settled agriculturists on oases, and hunters wandering within a limited
range............................................................. 67