National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

VI

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

CHAPTER III. THE SUCCESSIVE CULTURES AT ANAU    37-62

Diagram of cultures    37

Culture I (Æneolithic), North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics    38

Area of the site    38

A settlement of houses of unburnt bricks from the beginning, with hand-made painted

pottery, and the art of spinning    38

Cultivators of wheat and barley    39

Children buried in "contracted position" under house-floors    39

Some knowledge of lead and of copper without tin    40

Duerst's discovery that domestication of animals began in this culture period—ox, horse,

pig, and two successive breeds of sheep    41

Culture II, North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics.    42

This people related to those of Culture I    43

More knowledge of copper; no tin; more highly developed hand-made pottery and ornament, and lapis lazuli; they bring shepherd's dog, goat, and camel; sheep

become hornless. Period ends in time of aridity    43

Culture III (Copper), South Kurgan    43-49

Negative and positive characteristics    43

Begins with founding of South Kurgan during favorable stage of climatic cycle    44

Fully developed Copper Age of Central Asia. Pottery wheel-made and rarely painted    44

Tin rare and in small percentages, unintentionally present in a few objects of copper,

absent in cutting implements    44

Localities of tin ores and copper ores in Central Asia    44

General presence of arsenic and antimony in the copper    44

Intentional alloying with lead    44

Evidences of intercourse with Western Asiatic spheres of culture    44

Arrow-point of Armenian obsidian; winged and bird-headed lion-griffin; the copper sickle   45

The flint-edged sickles of early Egypt    46

Persistence of traditional forms of implements; figurines of Ishtar type    46

Derivatives of the Ishtar cult in Asia    47

Intercourse during this period with Susa probable    48

Culture III ends apparently with a conflagration and near arid extreme of climate    49

After this the South Kurgan was long unoccupied    49

Culture IV (Iron), South Kurgan    49

Overlies Culture III, with 8 feet of intervening débris of wastage—"mixed layers."

Iron age, sickles with rivet-holes; three-edged copper arrow-point    49

This culture founded during climatic reaction from aridity    50

Scythic invasion of Persia    So

Artificial irrigation necessary    50

   Chronology 50-57

Method of determining stratigraphic record    50

Factors required for converting stratigraphic record into a time scale.    50

Geological and archeological factors used in determining the stratigraphic equivalence

of the intervals between the cultures    51-52

Equivalence in feet of culture-strata of the interval between end of Iron Culture (IV)

and founding of modern city of Anau    52

Interval between Copper III and Iron Culture IV    52

Evidence of its long continuance    52

Geological estimation of duration of this interval    52-53

Use of archeological data in estimating it    53

Absence of tin bronze    53

End of Copper Culture probably not later than 22oo B. c    53

No data for estimating interval between Culture II (North Kurgan) and Culture III

(South Kurgan)    54

Conversion of stratigraphie column into a time scale    54

Glazed pottery appears first with Sassanian coins at ancient Mery    54

Rate of growth of culture-strata since introduction of glazed pottery    54

Rate of growth since building of mosque at Anau    54

Rate of growth before building of mosque    54