National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

PAGE.
Chapter III. The Successive Cultures at Anau.................................... 37-62
Diagram of cultures.................................................... 37
Culture I (Æneolithic), North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics ........... 38
Area of the site........................................................ 38
A settlement of houses of unburnt bricks from the beginning, with hand-made painted
pottery, and the art of spinning....................................... 38
Cultivators of wheat and barley......................................... 39
Children buried in "contracted position" under house-floors..................... 39
Some knowledge of lead and of copper without tin............................ 40
Duerst's discovery that domestication of animals began in this culture period—ox, horse,
pig, and two successive breeds of sheep................................. 41
Culture II, North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics..................... 42
This people related to those of Culture I................................... 43
More knowledge of copper; no tin; more highly developed hand-made pottery and orna-
ment, and lapis lazuli; they bring shepherd's dog, goat, and camel; sheep
become hornless. Period ends in time of aridity......................... 43
Culture III (Copper), South Kurgan.......................................... 43-49
Negative and positive characteristics...................................... 43
Begins with founding of South Kurgan during favorable stage of climatic cycle ....... 44
Fully developed Copper Age of Central Asia. Pottery wheel-made and rarely painted.. 44
Tin rare and in small percentages, unintentionally present in a few objects of copper,
absent in cutting implements.......................................... 44
Localities of tin ores and copper ores in Central Asia.......................... 44
General presence of arsenic and antimony in the copper........................ 44
Intentional alloying with lead............................................ 44
Evidences of intercourse with Western Asiatic spheres of culture................. 44
Arrow-point of Armenian obsidian; winged and bird-headed lion-griffin; the copper sickle 45
The flint-edged sickles of early Egypt...................................... 46
Persistence of traditional forms of implements; figurines of Ishtar type............ 46
Derivatives of the Ishtar cult in Asia...................................... 47
Intercourse during this period with Susa probable............................. 48
Culture III ends apparently with a conflagration and near arid extreme of climate..... 49
After this the South Kurgan was long unoccupied............................. 49
Culture IV (Iron), South Kurgan............................................ 49
Overlies Culture III, with 8 feet of intervening débris of wastage—"mixed layers."
Iron age, sickles with rivet-holes; three-edged copper arrow-point........... 49
This culture founded during climatic reaction from aridity...................... 50
Scythic invasion of Persia................................................ 50
Artificial irrigation necessary............................................. 50
Chronology............................................................. 50-57
Method of determining stratigraphic record.................................. 50
Factors required for converting stratigraphic record into a time scale.............. 50
Geological and archeological factors used in determining the stratigraphic equivalence
of the intervals between the cultures................................... 51-52
Equivalence in feet of culture-strata of the interval between end of Iron Culture (IV)
and founding of modern city of Anau.................................. 52
Interval between Copper III and Iron Culture IV.............................. 52
Evidence of its long continuance.......................................... 52
Geological estimation of duration of this interval............................. 52-53
Use of archeological data in estimating it................................... 53
Absence of tin bronze.................................................... 53
End of Copper Culture probably not later than 2200 B. C....................... 53
No data for estimating interval between Culture II (North Kurgan) and Culture III
(South Kurgan)...................................................... 54
Conversion of stratigraphic column into a time scale.......................... 54
Glazed pottery appears first with Sassanian coins at ancient Merv................ 54
Rate of growth of culture-strata since introduction of glazed pottery.............. 54
Rate of growth since building of mosque at Anau............................. 54
Rate of growth before building of mosque................................... 54