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VIII   CONTENTS.

PAGE.

CHAPTER V. THE MIGRATIONS.—Continued.

Climatic deterioration caused unrest and migrations of agriculturists, but caused nomadic

shepherds merely to expand over the semi-arid regions    67

This expansion of nomads covered all Inner Asia by the III millennium B. C..    67

Duerst's identification of the second breed of sheep and the domestic pig of Anau I with the domesticated sheep and pig of late neolithic stations in Europe indicates

Transcaspia as ultimate source of these domestic animals....    67

They appear in Europe contemporaneously with immigrants of round-headed Asiatic

(Galcha) type, and with introduction of wheat and barley    68

These early immigrants brought no other oasis industries, except perhaps spinning, nor

metals, but adopted European neolithic culture    68

Professor Sergi finds all skulls of first two cultures at Anau to be dolichocephalic or

mesocephalic, with total absence of the round-headed element    68-69

It is, therefore, a fair hypothesis that the chain of transmission of animals and cereals

and spinning included round-headed Asiatic nomadic shepherds    69

Extent of the sphere of isolation and of the barriers    70

Organized town life with agriculture and breeding of animals first appears among a long-

headed people and apparently originated by these    71

Since the II Culture at Anau was started during the trend toward the arid extreme of the cycle and introduced lapis lazuli and the camel, it is probable that this migration came from the East; and the presence in Asia Minor of bones of the turbary sheep makes it possible that migrations of the oasis peoples extended

as far as the Mediterranean    71

This migration began about 6000 B. c    71

The great migrations were probably checked by the favorable climatic period down to the

III millennium B. C    71

Hypothesis that peoples of the hunting stage received the art of breeding and of planting from the oasis stock during the VI millennium B. C. ; that they expanded during the favorable climate of the V and IV millenniums, and that the renewed trend towards aridity in the IV and III millenniums saw the

beginnings of the great waves of westward migrations    72

The migrations of the nomadic stocks were chiefly over Eurasian steppes and north of the Black Sea; those of the oasis stock along routes through Mesopotamia

and Asia Minor    72

Relation of Anau Cultures I and II to early Babylonia and Susiana    72-75

Duerst identifies breed of longhorned cattle established at Anau with that brought to Babylonia before time of Sargon of Accad—in IV millennium B. C. or

earlier—in the pre-Semitic Sumerian time   
The Babylonian symbol for the domestic ox 'V belongs in the pre-transitional, picto-

graphic forni of writing, which was used before the introduction of

writing into Babylonia   
Since agriculture preceded domestication and breeding, it is probable that the origins of these fundamental elements antedated the Chaldean and Babylonian

civilizations   
De Morgan's excavations at various points in Susiana found, in pre-Sargonic strata, no traces of stone arrow or spear-points, but abundance of sickle-flints and of

painted pottery   

Hence the sphere of isolation included Chaldea   

Hence also a genetic relationship of the cultures of Anau I and II and pre-Semitic Chaldea Their origin and evolution was within the sphere of isolation that began in the Glacial

period   
Evidence to show that these cultures were evolved east of Mesopotamia and on or near

the Iranian tableland   
The evolution of agriculture on the oases necessarily preceded the controlling of the Euphrates, the accomplishment of which may have been contemporaneous with the earlier stages of the North Kurgan Copper Culture of Anau III .

LIST OP WORKS CONSULTED IN PREPARING PART I   

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