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CONTENTS.

XIII

SECOND VOLUME.

PART V. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAI; ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. R. WELLES PUMPELLY.

PAGE.

CHAPTER XIV. DESERTS    243-298

The desert basin as an organic whole    243-25o

The essential characters of a desert basin    243-244

The three agencies of erosion and transportation, ice, water, and wind; and the five deposition zones, glacial, alluvial, lacustrian, flying sands, and loess arising

therefrom    244-246

The interlapping of deposition zones effected by climatic oscillations    247

The cyclical development of an ideal desert basin    247-250

The Northern Pamir    251-259

Great features of the Pamir    251

The basin of Great Kara Kul    251-258

Tentative reconstruction of Quaternary sequence of events    259

The Alai Valley as a basin .     259-264

A distinct type of valley    259-261

Glaciology and evidences of mountain movement    261-264

A tentative reconstruction of events in the Alai Valley    264

   Karategin and Hissar 265-274

Karategin as shaped by the Kizil Su    265-269

   Great features of the Hissar Valley 270-274

Tentative reconstruction of erosion cycles in Karategin and Hissar    274

The Zerafshan Valley    275-282

The Zerafshan as a longitudinal valley    276

Section of erosion cycles    277

First erosion cycle    277

Second erosion cycle    277

Third erosion cycle    278-279

Fourth erosion cycle    279-282

   The Tarim Basin 282-286

Evidences of peripheral uplifts    282-283

The uptilted piedmonts of northwestern Tarim as a key to the past    283-286

Evidence of recent change to extra dry    286

Tentative reconstruction of the past in Tarim    286

The Fergana Basin    287-290

Its broad outlines    287

Alai erosion cycles based on the Taldic profile .    287

Uplift of the Tian Shan    287-289

Marginal deformations of the plains    289

Present oscillation in the deposition zones    290

Reconstruction of past events of the Fergana Basin    290

The Aralo-Caspian Basin    291-298

Complications and functional peculiarities arising from shape and size    291-292

The lacustrian zone (Aralo-Caspian Sea expansions)    292-294

Recent developments in the alluvial and the flying-sands zones    294-295

Recent changes in the course of the Oxus    295-297

Tentative reconstruction of the past in the Aralo-Caspian Basin    298

   CHAPTER XV. OASES 299-337

The oasis as a geological problem    299-307

Man as a geologic factor of excavation, transportation and deposition, and a director of

alluvial depositions    299-30 I