National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

of Hamadan and Merdescht (Persepolis). They were certainly used in Græco-
Persian wars by the Persians as well as by the Greeks.

Because of this Persian find we may assume also that they penetrated still
further eastward and were known also in Bactria. The find from Bokhara tends
to confirm this assumption. To Siberia the three-edged arrow-points of bronze
or copper certainly penetrated from the South Russian locality. This is proved
by the numerous other points of contact between the Siberian stock of types
and the forms which have become known from the South Russian kurgan graves
(cf. Aspelin, op. cit., p. 62, figs. 262 to 265; p. 110, figs. 438 to 440, the last from
the necropolis of Ananino, on the left bank of the Kama, in the Government
of Wjatka, showing what singular routes the distribution followed. Radlof,
op. cit., No. 15, plate XXI, figs. 20, 21, 25, 29, 33, 34).

Three-edged arrow-heads from the Græco-Ægean sphere have long been
known. Kemble mentioned them as coming from Kalymnos, an island on the
Karian coast (Horæ feralis, plate VI, figs. 3, 4). Many have been found in the
Altis of Olympia (Furtwaengler, Bronzen von Olympia, plate LXIV, Nos. 1083–
1092). Friederichs (Kleinere Kunst u. Industrie im Altertum) enumerates some
from Attica (1116). Helbig represents a specimen from Megalopolis in Arcadia
(Das homerische Epos, 2 Aufl., fig. 134). From the Ægean sphere they may
also have spread to Egypt. Cairo is given as the source of several examples in
the collection of Prince Hohenzollern in Sigmaringen (L. Lindenschmitt, die vater-
laendischen Altertuemer, plate XI, figs. 13 to 16). On the western route of distri-
bution the three-edged arrow-heads of bronze made a halt in a district which has
preserved for us rich necropoli of the younger Hallstatt period. These finds are
therefore of importance for the chronology.

In a grave of Hallstatt itself there was found a three-winged specimen with-
out shaft-socket (v. Sacken, das Grabfeld von Hallstatt, plate VII, fig. 10). The
necropoli in Krain have yielded them also—from Waatsch (Denksschriften der
kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. zu Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Bd. XLVII, plate XI,
fig. 13) and from St. Margarethen (M. Much, Kunsthistor, Atlas, pl. 56, fig. 15).
Other isolated localities are: Villach, in Carinthia (v. Luschan, Mitteilungen d.
Wien. anthropol. Gesellschaft, VIII, 1879, pp. 89 ff.); Velem St. Veit, in Western
Hungary (v. Miske, Archiv f. Anthropologie, N. F. II, 2, pp. 134 ff., figs. 48 to 50);
Horodnica, in Galicia (Museum Dzieduszycki in Lemberg, from personal exami-
nation). Further west they appear to be of only rare occurrence. The most
western locality is Châlons-sur-Saône, in France (Bonstetten, Antiquités de la
Suisse, plate II, fig. 9).

On the strength of these statistics of finds we may assign the three-edged
arrow-heads of bronze at least to the younger Hallstatt period, i. e., to the first
half of the I millennium B. C. In the fifth century B. C. they must already have
been generally distributed; they remained still in use during some centuries,
for they connect with the Roman arrow-heads made of iron. In all probability,
however, we must put back the time of their introduction into the beginning of
the last millennium B. C., for these forms must have hovered before the eyes of