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If we compare these heights of the withers with those of some known sub-
fossil and fossil horses, we obtain the following picture:

Diluvial horse: cm.
Westeregeln, after Nehring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Remagen, after Nehring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Siberia, Yana River, after Tscherski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Solutré, after Gaillard* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Subfossil horse:
Ligerz (bronze age). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Schlossberg (iron age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Petersinsel (bronze age). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
La Tène (iron age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Auvernier (bronze age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Anau (neolithic age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Zielkanal (bronze-iron age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Schlossberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

The horse of Anau belongs, therefore, to the smallest of the prehistoric domestic
horses and also, as we have already seen, to the most narrow-footed. It shows
in this respect a most remarkable agreement with the so-called Helveto-Gallic
horses, or the iron-age horses of Europe.

We can now summarize the characteristics of the Anau horse in the following
terms: While its dental system shows certain characters, leaning closely to those
of the fossil Siberian horse—characters which according to certain authors belong
only to the group of Occidental horses—it shows, on the other hand, characters
which belong to the purely Oriental horse group. In the characteristics of the
extremities, also, in common with a small percentage of the fossil Siberian horses,
it ranges itself wholly on the side of the group distinguished as Oriental horses.

We can, therefore, consider the Anau domestic horse as an altogether Oriental
horse resembling the Siberian equine only in the structure of the teeth. The Anau
horse is, therefore, the oldest domestic Oriental horse. I designate it, in dis-
tinction from other forms of subfossil horses, by the race or subspecies name
Equus caballus pumpellii mihi. It is, however, difficult to say to what extent this
subfossil horse resembles the equine from Maragha which Wilckens† from the
data of a few incisors and molars, has named "Equus fossilis persicus." The
material at Wilckens's disposition does not suffice for a careful comparison. Fur-
ther, such careful manifold enamel plications as recur in Equus fossilis persicus
are not observable on the 60 or more molars examined by me in Equus caballus
pumpellii.

As has already been stated by Tscherski (p. 356), the study of a large number
of teeth of similar Siberian horses shows a wide range of variation in respect to
enamel plications, the extremest types seeming to stand so far apart that, if one
were to use only the enamel plications as a basis, two or three different species
might be established.

Is it not possible that Wilckens has given too little value to the variation
in Hipparion, which is chiefly represented in his material? I can, therefore, regard
the existence of Equus fossilis persicus Wilckens only as very problematical! As