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regards *Equus przewalskii*, which it has been recently attempted to raise abso-
lutely to the position of ancestor of the Occidental and Oriental horses,* con-
sidering it to be a survival of *Equus caballus germanicus* Nehring, we must remark
that according to Matschie† there are three types or subspecies of the Przewalski
horse which differ in size and form according to locality and environment. Among
them *Equus hagenbeckii* Matschie appears to stand nearest to the Anau horse.
The pieces measured by me from *Equus przewalskii*, which, however, did not
belong to this subspecies, do not agree as well with the Anau horse as with the
more stout-boned Siberian horses. In the construction of the teeth *Equus prze-
walskii* appears rather to be a survival of the Siberian diluvial horse and to repre-
sent the small horse of the Germans as we meet it in *Equus caballus nehringi*, but we
can not decide this with certainty and so long as we can depend merely upon the
existing materials we can only stand by the expression of the possibilities we
have mentioned. It is to be hoped that later excavations by Professor Pumpelly
will produce more complete material and more far-reaching conclusions.

Meanwhile, I may express my opinion as to the cause of the characteristic
differences between the Occidental horse and the Oriental breed, although, as has
been said above, both are assumed to be derived from the same ancestral form.
It is only a supposition, a hypothesis, which has presented itself to me during
the thorough study of the remains already described.

As is well known, *Equus przewalskii* still roams in the Djungarian Gobi and
the neighboring tracts of the Tian Shan region. But that part especially of the
Gobi—near the lakes—where alone, according to Przewalski, *Equus przewalskii*
lives, has the character of a steppe with boundless pastures of reed-grasses and
salt plants. Still more exuberant is the plant growth of the Tian Shan districts.

In strong contrast with these stands the Kara Kum—the Black Sands—the
most forbidding desert of the whole world. Sand, for the most part shifting
dunes, covers the immense surface; only in those places where the sand is to a
certain extent arrested in its movement is it possible for the saxaul (*Haloxylon
ammodendron*) and some desert grasses to grow and furnish a very scant nourish-
ment to the few animals of the desert.

It was, as now, the "flying sand" that forced animals as well as man onto the
shrinking oases, and caused concentration of family groups to battle against this
enemy, with the aid, first of natural, and later of regulated irrigation. The horse,
which, like the wild ox, still roamed wild in the Kara Kum when the North Kur-
gan was founded at Anau, was no longer an animal of the grassy steppes, but had
become a denizen of the desert.

The Kara Kum, as a desert, could never have nourished the horse without
the aid of man—man who raised the necessary fodder in his oases along the foot
of the Kopet Dagh. But it does not follow that the horse did not remain an animal