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Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

occasional floods, permit of cultivation in
small patches. In the basin of Yai-döbe
*Astronomically observed latitude.*
Tunguzluk, C. 346 (to N.W. of spring; C. 4) ... 40° 8′ 31″

NOTES ON SHEET No. 5 (YANGI-HISSĀR, YĀRKAND)

This sheet embodies the surveys made
on a series of routes on all three expeditions.
The area surveyed is proportionate to the
great extent of cultivated ground to be
found within the limits of this sheet. The
routes followed in 1900-01 lay mainly
within and between the populous districts
of Kāshgar and Yārkand. ¹ Those of 1906-
08 covered ground all along the Yārkand
river as well as portions of the hill area in the
north-west and south-west corners of the
sheet, while on the journey of 1913-15, the
new routes surveyed lay chiefly from
Kāshgar to Marāl-bāshi and along the right
bank of the Yārkand river below Yārkand.

The well-determined positions of Yār-
kand, Yangi-hissār, Kāshgar, Marāl-bāshi
and Karghalik served as base points for the
construction of the sheet. Of these, the last
three fall outside its limits and for the ob-
servations which fix them reference may be
made to the Notes on Sheets Nos. 2, 6 and 8.

For Yārkand the latitude observed in
1900 and 1906 at our quarters of Chīni-bāgh
(about one mile south of the city walls) is
supported by the observations of the Yār-
kand Mission of 1873 and Sir F. De Filippi's
expedition of 1914, while the longitude now
shown, which is derived from the wireless
observation of the latter (77° 15′ 46′),
differs only by 15 seconds from the one
which was adopted in Sheet 11 of our
1906-08 map. ² For Yangi-hissār the co-
ordinates adopted are those deduced from
*Astronomically observed latitudes.*
1900-01.Eski, Camp 23 (A. 1) ... ... 39° 33′ 59″
Yamān-yār, Camp 24 (A. 2) ... ... 39° 25′ 17″
Dong-arīk, Camp 25 (B. 2; symbol omitted in map) ... 39° 16′ 1″
Achehik-bāzār, Camp 26 (B. 2) ... ... 39° 7′ 49″
Ordam-pādshāh-mazār, Camp 27 (B. 3) ... ... 38° 55′ 34″
Kizil-bāzār, Camp 29 (half a mile S. of Sarai; B. 3) ... 38° 39′ 20″
Ak-rabāt, Camp 111 (B. 3) ... ... 35° 32′ 39″
Kök-rabāt, Camp 30 (beyond S.E. end of village; B. 4) ... 38° 25′ 40″

subsoil drainage supports sufficient vegeta-
tion for winter grazing of Kirghiz camps.

the observations of Cav. De Filippi's expedi-
tion. For the determination of other posi-
tions the latitude observations of 1900-01
and 1906-08, as noted below, have been
used, as well as those of Captain H. H. P.
Deasy on his route from Kāshgar to Yār-
kand *via* Khān-arīk; those of Dr. Hedin
along the Yārkand river, and others recorded
in the Yārkand Mission Report.

In respect of topographical details full
advantage was taken of the fact that several
of the chief routes in this sheet were sur-
veyed more than once in the course of my
three expeditions (see the routes from
Kāshgar to Karghalik; from Kizil-dawān
to Yārkand; from Ābād to Kāshgar, etc.).
The physical character of the area comprised
in the sheet exhibits considerable variety.
Besides the compact well-cultivated tracts
of the Kāshgar, Yangi-hissār, and Yārkand
districts and the minor oases between, or
near, them we find here a fairly large outlier
of the central drift-sand desert around
Ordam-pādshāh and extensive belts of
riverine jungle below Faizābād in the north
(B-D. 1) and below Ābād in the east
(C,D. 2).

For brief descriptive accounts of the
routes followed by me, cf. *Ruins of Khotan*,
pp. 133 sqq.; *Desert Cathay*, i. pp. 126
sqq.; for the early historical topography of
the region, see *Ancient Khotan*, i. pp. 42
sqq., 86 sqq.