National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

Tapestry work from Lou-lan, 152, 153
Tarim basin, 6-8, 10, 11, 15; its dimen-
sions, 11; oases in, 13; Chinese trade
routes through, 19, 20, 22-27; the
mingling of cultural influences from
China, Persia, and India left their
mark on the civilization of this region,
23; the Huns take possession, 25; the
Chinese regain control, 25; Buddhism
in, 28, 30, 33, 64; aridity of climate,
29; again passes under the domination
of the Hephthalites or White Huns, 30;
passes to the Western Turks, 31;
Chinese regain possession, 31; Tibetan
and Arab aggression in, 32; spread of
Islamism, and decline of Buddhism in,
33; Eastern Turkish the only language
spoken, 33; the population mainly
Homo Alpinus type, 33; Tibetan domina-
tion in, 33; the Turks acquire control
over the western portion, 33; brought
under direct Chinese administration
(1755), 35; under the misrule of Yakub
Beg, 36; Chinese control under the
Tang dynasty ended about A.D. 791,
68; archaeological evidence of Tibetan
and Turkish occupation, 116
Tarim river, 5, 8, 50, 109, 130-133, 156,
275, 279, 280, 284; hydrographic
change affecting its course, 151;
riverine changes in the terminal
branches of, 166
Tarsagar pass, 296, 326
Tartary, 5
Tashkend, 288, 291; battle near, 32
Tash-kurghan, 47, 299, 330
Ta-ts'in, 26
Ta-t'ung, river, 242
Taun-murun saddle, 293
Taushkan, river, 284
Tawakkel, oasis, 56, 57
Taxila, or Takshasila, 91
Temples, at Endere, 106; at Miran, 112,
117; at Lou-lan, 143; at Nan-kou-
ch'êng, 244; at Khara-khoto, 249; at
Bezeklik, 263; at Ying-p'an, 275; at
Ming-oi, 278; at Kucha, 281; shrines
near Maral-bashi, 285. See also Cave
temples
Terek pass, 294
Termez, 329
Textiles, decorated, 143
Thomas, Prof. F. W., 115, 214
Thomsen, Professor, 116, 216
Tibetan banners and drawings, 218
Tibetan manuscripts, at Khara-khoto,
249; at Idikut-shahri, 262; Buddhist
manuscripts, the oldest known speci-
mens, found at Endere, 106; at Miran,
113, 115; at Caves of the Thousand
Buddhas, 205, 209, 214
Tibetan plateaux, 9, 24, 239; lack of
resources in, 7
Tibetans, aggression in Central Asia, 32,
33; occupation of Miran, 112-118;
Tibetan domination in the Tun-huang
region, 205
T'ien-shan range (the 'Celestial Moun-
tains'), 2-5, 10, 11, 31, 252-254, 256-
259, 277, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285, 289;
migrating tribes of, 13, 31, 253;
Chinese trade routes along, 24-26, 34
Tila Bai, servant, 131
Timur, Emperor, 330
Tita, or Titus, frescoes at Miran by, 126
Ti-tsang, see Kshitigarbha
Toilet outfits, 268
Tokhari, see Kuchean
Tokhta Akhun, guide, 111, 112, 130, 137,
142, 148
Tolai-shan range, 241
Torgut Mongols, 248
Tower of Sirkip, 262
'Town of the Dragon', 160
Toyuk, rock-cut Buddhist grottoes, 262
Trees, trunks of ancient, 84; rows of
fallen trunks in the Lop desert, 134
Tsai, General, 243
Tukhara, old seats of the, 107
Tumanovich, Captain, 312
Tumshuk, village, 285
Tun-huang oasis, 15, 170, 173, 193, 198,
210; Chinese punitive expedition sets
out from, 22; Tibetan mastery over,
32; the ancient route from the Tarim
basin to, 116, 129, 130, 145-162;
Chinese establish an agricultural mili-
tary colony in, 180; traversing Marco
Polo's route from the Lop-nor marshes
to Tun-huang, 163-192; Buddhist
piety at, 199, 213; Manichaeism in,
216; Old Wall near, see Old Wall;
cave shrines near, see Caves of the
Thousand Buddhas
Tun-huang, river, 171
Tupchak plateau, 326
Turdi, guide, 56, 58-61
Turfan, 11, 24, 25, 254, 255, 275; wrested
by the Chinese from the Western
Turks, 31; Buddhism, Manichaeism,
and Nestorian Christianity in, 33, 259;
painted silk scroll discovered, 229; the
Turfan basin, and the terminal salt
lake, 256; irrigation by a system of
Karezes, 257; climate, agricultural
conditions, and trade, 257; its political
history, 258; under Uigur rule, 258,
259; the Mongol conquest, 259; ex-