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| 0367 |
Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan : vol.1 |
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little packets. The leaves, of which the rolls had been made up,
proved on the average 11 inches high.
Owing to the damp that must have once reached them through
the mud floor some of these rolls had decayed in parts. But others
were recovered more or less complete, and though the translations
of four of these, which I obtained through the kindness of
Professors Chavannes and Douglas, are only provisional, they
amply suffice to settle all doubts as to the date and character of
the records. Two of them, dated in the third year of the Chien-
Chung period, corresponding to A.D. 782, are bonds for small loans
specified in copper cash or grain issued on interest to different
borrowers by one Chien-ying, who is designated as a priest of the
Hu-kuo monastery. As security for these loans the borrowers,
whose names and ages are appended together with those of certain
relatives as sureties (mother and sister, wife and daughter), pledge
the whole of their household goods and cattle irrespective of any
valuation. A third document, dated in the year equivalent to
A.D. 787, records an agreement of similar purport, without clearly
showing the name of the lender. That this unknown capitalist was
also in some way connected with the Hu-kuo monastery becomes
very probable from the contents of the fourth paper (reproduced
already in my "Preliminary Report"). This, undated, conveys
instructions from the three priests superintending the Hu-kuo con-
vent to the monk or caretaker in charge of some outlying landed
property of theirs. He is therein directed how to carry out certain
urgent field-labours, employing all available men in cutting grass
for three days after receipt of the order, while one labourer is to be
retained to irrigate the fields, &c.
From the nature of these petty records it can safely be concluded
that the ruined dwelling-house in which they were found, together
with the adjoining shrine, represents either the Hu-kuo convent, or
a monastic residence directly attached to it. The Chinese designa-
tion of the convent (Hu-kuo, literally "country-protecting") and
the Chinese names of the superintending priests, which are recorded
in the last-named document, leave little doubt as to the nationality
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