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| 0062 |
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 |
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punished with death; for other offences compensation by fine was allowed. Taxes were paid
in clothing materials, an observation illustrated by what a native informant, in the Report of
the Yarkand Mission, notes of the barter carried on in Sarïkol with cotton goods imported
from the plains⁴. The military force of the territory was reckoned at a thousand men. Its
ruling family is stated to have originally come from Kāshgar, and to have transmitted its power
from generation to generation.
During the period corresponding to 435–439 A. D., under the later Wei dynasty, Ho-p'an-t'o
is said to have first entered into relations with China. 'In the ninth year Cheng-kuan (635)
it sent an envoy to do homage at the Imperial court. During the period K'ai-yüan (713–741 A. D.)
China conquered and pacified this kingdom; it established there the military post of Ts'ung-ling,
which is the extreme point under military occupation on the frontier of An-hsi', i. e. of the
Chinese protectorate then comprising Eastern Turkestān. M. Chavannes, in his comments on
this notice, points out that another passage of the T'ang Annals distinctly identifies the 'military
post of Ts'ung-ling' with the ancient kingdom of Chieh-p'an-t'o; and it is under this appellation
or simply 'Ts'ung-ling' that we find Sarïkol repeatedly mentioned in the Chinese records translated
by him⁵.
Fa-hsien's
notice of
Sarïkol. The earliest Chinese travellers of whose visit to Sarïkol we have any record are the pilgrims
Fa-hsien and Sung Yün. But in the case of the former our knowledge is not only exceedingly
brief, but dependent on a conjectural identification⁶. Fa-hsien and his fellow-pilgrims, when
proceeding, about 400 A. D., from Khotan towards India, reached first the kingdom of Tzŭ-ho 子合.
A notice of the T'ang Annals translated by M. Chavannes plainly shows Tzŭ-ho to be identical
with the territory known under the T'ang as Chu-chü-po, i. e. the present district of Karghalik⁷.
From there the pilgrims 'went south for four days, when they found themselves among the
Ts'ung-ling mountains, and reached the country of Yu-hwuy, where they halted and kept their
retreat'⁸. The name Yü-hui 於 麾, otherwise wholly unknown, presented a puzzle until
M. Chavannes, by a slight emendation, restored it to Yü-mo 於 摩, an abbreviated form of
the name Ch'üan-yü-mo 權 於 摩, under which Tāsh-kurghān is mentioned in the Pei shih.
We shall have occasion to follow elsewhere the ingenious and convincing arguments by which
M. Chavannes further traces Fa-hsien's route from Tāsh-kurghān to Chieh-ch'a or Kāshgar,
where he appears to have gone in order to rejoin some companions before attempting the
passage of the Pāmirs. But it may be noted that the four days' march south of Tzŭ-ho or
Karghalik to where the Ts'ung-ling mountains were entered, could well be explained on the
assumption that Fa-hsien's party for the journey to Tāsh-kurghān chose a route which first
took them to Kök-yār, south of Karghalik, and from there westwards into Sarïkol through
the mountains adjoining the course of the Upper Yarkand river⁹.
Sung Yün's
passage
through
Sarïkol. The account which the next Chinese traveller, the pilgrim Sung Yün, has left us of his
passage through Sarïkol (519 A. D.), is less laconic. But a want of proper sequence in the
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724
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