Ancient Khotan : vol.1 / 136 ページ（白黒高解像度画像）

0136	Ancient Khotan : vol.1
古代コータン : vol.1

which had become absorbed in Chu-chü-po supports the identification; for notices in chapter xcvi
of the *Ch'ien Han shu* concerning Tzŭ-ho, Hsi-yeh, P'u-li, and I-nai, leave no doubt that these
petty territories were situated close together to the south of the present Yarkand ¹⁶. The
passage referring to Hsi-yeh records that its ruler bore also the title of king of *Tzŭ-ho*; and
in agreement with this indication of a special connexion between the two places, modern Chinese
geographers identify Hsi-yeh and Tzŭ-ho with the adjacent village tracts of Yul-arik and Kök-
yär ¹⁷. Whether this identification rests on historical fact or only on learned conjecture, it does not
supply us, as recognized by M. Chavannes, with any cogent reason for placing the political centre
of the united territory of Chu-chü-po so far to the south as Kök-yär. This place is separated
by a considerable distance from the direct route between Kāshgar and Khotan, and since
Hsüan-tsang's itinerary leads us to look along this route for the capital of the kingdom as it
existed in his days, the neighbourhood of the present Karghalik appears a far more likely
position.

Fa-hsien's
*Tzŭ-ho.*
The mention of *Tzŭ-ho* 子合 as an integral part of the kingdom of Chu-chü-po is of
interest, as enabling us to trace with certainty the route which Fa-hsien followed immediately
after leaving Khotan. From the narrative of his travels we learn that, starting from the
latter place, it took the pilgrim twenty-five days to reach Tzŭ-ho, where he found the ruler
devoted to Buddhist law, and around him 'more than a thousand monks, mostly students of
the Mahāyāna'. ¹⁸ Fa-hsien and his party, after a stay of fifteen days at Tzŭ-ho, went south
for four days before they found themselves among the Ts'ung-ling range. From this statement
it becomes probable that in his time, too, the capital of the territory lay in a relatively open
position to the north of the Kun-lun range. We have already seen that Fa-hsien's immediate
goal after leaving Tzŭ-ho was Sarikol, which he probably reached by the route passing through
the mountains south of the Zarafshān ¹⁹.

Sung Yün's
notice of
Chu-chü-po.
Sung Yün also, travelling westwards from Khotan in 519 A.D., passed along the road
which crosses the Karghalik district. The account of his journey refers to the latter as the
kingdom of *Chu-chü-po*, and informs us that it produced cereals in plenty ²⁰. Its inhabitants
lived in the mountains and used leavened wheat for their food. As the killing of animals was
forbidden among them, the only meat they partook of was that of animals which had died
a natural death. Of their customs and language it is noted that they resembled those of
Yü-t'ien or Khotan, while their writing was the same as that of the P'o-lo-mên or Brahmans.
The circumference of the kingdom was estimated at five days' journey, which compared with
Hsüan-tsang's thousand li, seems to indicate that the territory had not then attained its later
dimensions ²¹.

Notices in
*Pei shih.*
Sung Yün's fellow pilgrim, Hui-shêng, is the source of a briefer notice which the *Pei shih*
(composed about 644 A.D.) furnishes of the same territory, called here *Chu-chü* 朱居 ²². Besides

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