National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books
|
|
Color Thumbnail -
Table of Contents -
Page Number -
Biliographic Information (Metadata) -
Caption -
Color Image -
Gray HighRes. Image -
Facing Pages -
Graphics -
| 0203 |
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
this assumption ⁷. Yet owing to the Khotan rulers of this period appearing only under Chinese names in the T'ang Annals, it is impossible to attempt the identification of any of them with those bearing Indian names in the Tibetan list. All that can be suggested at present with some probability is that the family name of *Wei-ch'ih*, which is given to the period by the T'ang Annals and Wu-k'ung ⁸, may be a rendering of the Sanskrit *Vijaya-*, which appears invariably as the first part of the names recorded in the Tibetan list. The occasional references which we meet to the relations of 'Li-yul' with other territories besides China afford little or no clue, since the latter can scarcely ever be identified under the strange disguise of their Tibetan names ⁹.
The difficulties and obscurities here indicated make it impossible to treat the information gathered from the Tibetan accounts in connexion with the strictly historical data supplied by our Chinese records. Nor can I attempt to subject that information to a separate critical analysis. Whatever in the Tibetan notices I have been able to recognize as throwing light on the early legends, sacred sites, and historical relations of Khotan, will be duly noticed hereafter in connexion with other available evidence, while for a complete list of the kings and the main facts noted regarding them in the 'Annals of Li-yul' I must refer to the synopsis furnished by Mr. Thomas in Appendix *E*.
An ancient legend connects the name of *Khotan* with the very origin of the kingdom. The transformations of this name reflect, as it were, the succession of cultural and political influences which the territory has undergone from an early period. Hence our review of the historical notices concerning Khotan may fitly commence with a brief survey of the varying forms of its name. We find the most important of them conveniently enumerated in an interesting passage of the *Hsi-yü-chi* which, omitted by Julien and Beal, has been duly noticed and translated by M. S. Lévi ¹⁰. Hsüan-tsang, at the conclusion of his account of Ché-chü-chia, tells us : 'After marching 800 li, one arrives at *Ch'ü-sa-tan-na* 瞿薩怛那. In Chinese this means "breast of the earth". This is a popular interpretation. In current speech one says *Huan-na* 渙那. The Hsiung-nu say, *Yü-tun* 于 遁. The Hu say, *Huo-tan* 𢘆 (for 豁) 旦. The Yin-tu [Hindus] say, *Ch'ü-tan* 屈 丹. Formerly one said, *Yü-t'ien* 于 闐 ¹¹.'
The name *Ch'ü-sa-tan-na*, which Hsüan-tsang mentions first, is undoubtedly intended to reproduce the Sanskrit *Kustana*, 'breast of the earth', as recognized by Chézy and Rémusat ¹². It is subsequently accounted for in the legend which Hsüan-tsang records of the first king of Khotan and his miraculously born son, and which we shall have occasion to discuss presently. The pilgrim himself calls the meaning given to the name 'a popular interpretation', and it can scarcely be doubted that the form 'Kustana' itself is only the result of a learned 'popular etymology' which endeavoured to provide an orthodox Sanskrit derivation for the old local
1
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
21
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
31
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
41
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
53
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
64
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
76
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
87
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
97
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
107
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
118
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
128
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
139
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
149
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
160
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
170
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
181
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
191
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
201
202
203
204
205
.
|
.
.
.
.
212
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
222
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
232
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
243
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
254
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
264
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
274
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
284
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
294
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
305
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
317
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
328
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
338
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
348
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
358
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
368
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
378
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
389
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
401
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
413
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
423
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
433
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
443
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
454
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
464
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
474
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
484
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
494
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
505
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
516
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
527
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
537
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
547
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
559
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
569
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
581
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
594
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
605
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
615
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
625
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
635
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
645
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
655
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
665
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
675
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
685
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
695
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
705
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
.
715
.
.
.
.
|
.
.
.
724
Copyright (C) 2003-2026
National Institute of Informatics
and
The Toyo Bunko. All Rights Reserved.
