Ancient Khotan : vol.1 / 217 ページ（白黒高解像度画像）

0217	Ancient Khotan : vol.1
古代コータン : vol.1

(now Hsi-an-fu)⁴. The population was reckoned at 3,300 families with 19,300 people⁵, the
number of soldiers being 2,400. Several high dignitaries, among them commandants of the
Western and Eastern cities, are enumerated. To the south lay the territory of the Jé-Ch'iang
nomads, who appear to have held the plateaus and valleys along the whole Kun-lun range from
Tsaidam westwards, while to the north was that of Ku-mo (Ush-Turfau). The abundance of
jade is specially noticed ; the statement that all rivers west of Yü-t'ien flowed into the western
ocean and those east into Lop-Nor betrays geographical confusion, of which the 'Notice of the
Western Regions' shows other unmistakable signs⁶.

That Yü-t'ien during the period of the Former Hans must have been a relatively weak Small
state becomes evident from the mention which the 'Notice of the Western Regions' makes of territories
the three small territories of Jung-lu 戎盧, Yü-mi 扜彌, and Ch'ü-lé 渠勒 as separate east of
'kingdoms' to the east of it⁷. The T'ang Annals distinctly tell us that Yü-t'ien had absorbed Khotan.
these territories, together with P'i-shan, since the Han period. They further show that Yü-mi,
also called Ning-mi 寧彌, or Chü-mi 拘彌, must be identified with the oases which
extend between Chîra and Keriya⁸. Jung-lu and Ch'ü-lé were petty tracts at the foot of the
mountains, south-east and south of Yü-mi⁹; they cannot be located with the same certainty
as the latter, but correspond manifestly to the present 'Tâgh' ('hill') district, comprising the
small submontane settlements which extend east and west of Polu. Considering how close these
oases and hill tracts lie to Khotan, and how limited their resources are compared to those of
the Khotan oasis, their political dependence upon any firm rule established at the latter would
follow almost as a matter of course. The same observation applies to P'i-shan, in which we
have already recognized the small oases about Gūma and Moji¹⁰. From the way in which
Yü-mi is described in the Former Han Annals it seems safe to conclude that this little state
was at that time not only independent, but also quite as powerful as Yü-t'ien.

The Annals of the Later Hans show clearly that it was only after the middle of the first Khotan in
century A.D. that Yü-t'ien rose to political importance for the Chinese. We are there informed Later Han
that towards the end of the reign of the Emperor Kuang-wu ti (25–57 A.D.) King Yü-lin of Annals.
Khotan had become subject to the powerful king of So-ch'ê, i.e. the territory of Yarkand, and
had been reduced to the rank of the ruler of Li-kuei¹¹. During the period comprising the
years 58–73 A.D., however, a general of Yü-t'ien, called Hsiu-mo-pa, revolted and made himself
independent as ruler of the territory. His nephew and successor Kuang-tê in turn conquered
So-ch'ê and made Khotan so powerful that thirteen 'states' to the north-west, as far as Kâshgar,

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