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| 0225 |
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 |
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shrines brought to light in the course of my explorations, and the relative ease with which the
sacred sites mentioned by Hsüan-tsang can still be traced, illustrate in the same way the truth
of all he has to say about Buddhist worship in Khotan.
Of the reigning king Hsüan-tsang tells us that he was extremely courageous and warlike, Kings of
and greatly venerated the law of Buddha. Referring to the king's claim to be descended from Khotan
the god Vaiśravana, the pilgrim then proceeds to relate the legend of the first settlement of 632–648 A.D.
Khotan and of Kustana's birth, which we have already analysed in detail. Neither Hsüan-tsang
nor the Annals give us the name of the king ruling in 644. It thus remains doubtful whether
he was identical with one or other of the chiefs whose names are recorded for the years 632
and 648. At the earlier date the T'ang Annals mention an embassy from Wei-ch'ih Wu-mi,
bringing presents to the imperial court, and note that this king was originally subject to the
T'u-chüeh (Western Turks) ¹⁷. In 635, or, according to the Chiu T'ang shu, in 639 A.D., the same
ruler sent his son, who was enrolled in the imperial guard ¹⁸. After the subjugation of Kuchā
in 648 A.D., Fu-tu Hsin, the prince reigning at Khotan, felt intimidated, and sent his son with three
hundred camels as an offering. The subsequent arrival at Khotan of a Chinese officer, Hsieh
Wan-pei, with some light cavalry, sufficed to induce the king to proceed himself to the imperial
court to present his submission. The emperor Kao tsung, who had in the meantime ascended
the throne (649 A.D.), bestowed honorary appointments in the imperial guards upon him and
his son Shih-hu (Jabgu) Tien, and dismissed him with rich presents ¹⁹. Embassies from Khotan
are also mentioned for the years 636, 642, 644, 645 A.D., but without the name of the king
who sent them ²⁰.
In 648 or 649 A.D. Khotan was officially placed under the protectorate of An-hsi, then estab- Khotan
lished at Kuchā, and thus became one of the 'Four Garrisons' (including also Kuchā, Kāshgar, included in
and Tokmak), which were to be controlled from that centre ²¹. We have seen already with the 'Four
reference to Kāshgar that the Chinese administrative organization extending over the whole of Garrisons',
the Tārim Basin did not interfere with the rule of individual territories by local dynasties. 648/9 A.D.
This observation is borne out also by whatever historical notices we gather about Khotan during
the period while this Chinese protectorate lasted.
The latter may be said to have been finally established in 659 A.D., when the last remnants of
the supremacy of the Western Turks were swept away by the imperial armies ²². In the same
year a Chinese force vanquished the Turkish chief Tu-man, who, at the head of the states of
Kāshgar, Chu-chü-po (Karghalik), and Ho-p'an-t'o (Sarīkol), had revolted and attacked the
kingdom of Yü-t'ien ²³. Some years later another rebellion, in which the tribe of the Kung-yueh
and the ruler of Kāshgar appear to have been principally concerned, received support from the
Tibetans. The latter then seem to have made their first attempts in the direction of Eastern
Turkestān, and it is interesting to note that it was the king of Khotan who had to be succoured
by Chinese troops from their attack in the year 665 ²⁴. The mention made on this occasion of
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724
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