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『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ
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| 0338 |
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 |
| 古代コータン : vol.1 |
引用情報
OCR読み取り結果
to the loan of a certain quantity of corn for the fixed period of nine months to Ho Hsin-yüeh, an
official. No rate of interest is specified in this case, and we are thus left in doubt as to the
particular manner in which the pious money-lender—for as such we may safely recognize
Ch'ien-ying—had assured his profit on the transaction. The formal pledge of the borrower's
property we find here repeated. At the end of both bonds are mentioned, besides the names
and ages of the borrowers, those of two of their near female relatives (mother and sister, wife
and daughter), who are evidently sureties. Near the end we find, not the 'finger impressions'
of the contracting parties which the text names, but ink marks which, perhaps, served the same
purpose.
Chinese
records of
loans. Among the fragmentary documents found in the packets D. VII. 3 and D. VII. 4 there are
no less than six which, by the recurrence of the identical formulas or by other indications of
the contents, have been recognized by M. Chavannes as bonds relating to loans. The dates,
so far as preserved in three of them, belong either to the periods immediately following or the
one preceding the Chien-chung period (780–783 A.D.), and thus fall quite close to the year 782 A.D.
of the previously-quoted documents². Seeing that some of these fragmentary bonds (D. VII. 4. b,
4. e) were found in the identical packet with the record D. VII. 4. a, distinctly naming Ch'ien-ying
as the lender, while the rest (D. VII. 3. a, b, c, d) were comprised in one packet lying within
less than a foot of it, it appears probable that these papers, too, relate to money-lending trans-
actions of the same monk or possibly some equally businesslike brethren from the Hu-kuo
convent.
Order from
the Hu-kuo
convent. This conclusion seems the more justified as every one of the remaining four Chinese
documents from D. VII contains distinct evidence of having issued from, or having been addressed
to, members of a Buddhist monastic establishment. By far the most interesting piece is
D. VII. 7 (see Plate CXVI), complete but for a small lacuna, containing an order from the three
chief dignitaries of the Hu-kuo temple to certain of their dependants, among them apparently
the monk Ta-yen, 'in supervising charge of the outlying [property].' The order is dated on
the 27th day of the eighth month, without indication of the year, and directs in somewhat
peremptory language that on its receipt at Yang-ling the servants of the temple should all be
employed for three days in cutting the grass, while one man only should be left to look after
the irrigation of the fields. The order is signed in different hands by the three monks holding
the offices of chief Karmadāna, Sthavira, and Vihārasvāmin of the temple or Vihāra. It is far
more likely that an order of this kind would be retained at the place to which it was addressed
than at the one from which it was sent. It is further difficult to suppose that the little shrine
(D. VI) could have boasted of such an array of monastic dignitaries as signed the order, and
thus everything points to the conclusion that D. VII, the find-place of the document, was in
reality the modest residence of the monkish caretakers who looked after the outlying landed
property of the Hu-kuo temple in this neighbourhood. That a small shrine like D. VI should
be attached to their residence scarcely needs explanation. If this assumption is right Yang-ling
would have to be taken as the name of the particular village or hamlet where the lands were
situated, while the designation of Li-hsieh previously discussed applied to the whole tract.
Documents
on monastic
affairs. The name of Hu-kuo does not occur in the remaining three documents, which are mere
detached fragments, but in each of them we meet with the mention of Buddhist monks.
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11
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21
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31
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41
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53
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64
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76
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87
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97
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107
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118
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128
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139
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149
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160
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170
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181
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191
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202
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212
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222
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232
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243
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254
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264
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274
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284
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294
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305
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317
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328
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336
337
338
339
340
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348
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358
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368
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378
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389
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401
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413
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423
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433
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443
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454
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464
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474
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484
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494
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505
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516
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527
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537
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547
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559
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569
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581
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594
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605
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615
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625
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635
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645
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655
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665
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675
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685
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695
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705
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715
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724
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