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| 0542 |
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 |
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of the previous day, who had been allowed to keep away during the night for the sake of
fresh efforts, turned up after midday with the news that he had found Ulūgh-Ziārat at last. So
accompanied by him and old Turdi I started back again to the point where the caravan had
been halted on the previous day. Ulūgh-Ziārat proved to be within only two miles of it
north-westwards, but effectually hidden behind a series of high tamarisk-covered sand-cones.
It was a small eroded plain about half a mile long from north to south, and slightly less
broad, resembling in all its features the Uzun-Tati site, and covered like it with plentiful débris
of undecorated but well-made old pottery. About its middle rose a loess-bank with what are
supposed to be tombs of fifteen or sixteen saints. On its top a small collection of staves,
rudely fashioned of tamarisk, clearly marked the spot as still receiving worship. I could not
spare time for closer examination of these alleged tombs, as I was anxious to visit before
nightfall the 'Sipil' or fortification reported further ahead. After crossing dunes for an approxi-
mate direct distance of 1½ miles to the east-north-east, I reached it in the middle of a relatively
open sandy plain covered with tamarisk bushes and numerous young Toghrak trees.
The 'Sipil' proved to consist of the comparatively well-preserved remains of a small fort,
built in the form of an oval, having its longer axis from north to south. The greatest length
of the interior was about 480 ft., its maximum breadth about 348 ft. The wall, about 11 ft.
thick at the base, was constructed of stamped loess with layers of rushes placed horizontally at
varying levels to give it consistency. At a height of about 9 ft. from the present ground-
level it bore a parapet which seemed to have originally been about 5 ft. 8 in. high, with a
thickness of 3 ft. This, however, was broken in numerous places; behind it ran a platform
about 5 ft. broad. No loop-holes were visible. The interior of this small fort, approximately
approaching in size that of the Endere Fort, showed no remains whatever of buildings, though
the sand within it could only be from 3 to 6 ft. high, and in several places left the foot of
the walls clear. Except for a gap in the east face, which probably marks the position of the
gate, the wall could be followed all round, no portion of it having completely fallen. I noted
neither inside nor outside any pottery fragments. In the absence of other remains I was
unable to form any definite opinion as to the date of this circumvallation, but its relatively
good preservation, its shape different from that of the old forts of Endere and Ak-sipil⁴, and
the total absence of brickwork seemed all to point to its having been constructed during
Muhammadan times. Seeing that the position it occupies lies nearer to the present limits of
cultivation, and must even now have subsoil water at a relatively small depth, it appears very
improbable that the fort could have been abandoned earlier than Uzun-Tati. I left this ruin
at nightfall, and was met on the way while returning to camp by the Bēg of Gulakhma. A
close examination of the men he had brought with him showed that the remains I had already
examined were all that were known to them.
That these remains of Uzun-Tati and Ulūgh-Ziārat have a strong claim to be recognized
as marking the position of Hsüan-tsang's P'i-mo and Sung Yün's Han-mo can, I believe, be
proved by several convincing arguments. In the first place, we find their position in exact
agreement with the distance of 330 li, i. e. a little over three marches, and with the eastern
bearing from Yōtkan which the Hsï-yü-chi indicates for P'i-mo. The coins and porcelain
fragments found by me at Uzun-Tati make it quite certain that the site was occupied for
centuries after Hsüan-tsang's time, while, on the other hand, there is nothing to preclude us
from believing that it existed already long before the pilgrim's visit.
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724
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