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209, 500; eastern element in Khotan
art, 165. See also Gandhāra, Graeco-
Buddhist art.
population: number, 136 sq.; Kho-
tan, protected against ethnic invasions,
137 sq.; effects of the Muhammadan
conquest, 138; Chinese accounts of
the Khotanese, 139; Marco Polo's
account, 139 sq.; character and
morals, 141 sq.; position of women,
139, 142, 170; physical character-
istics, 143 sq.; racial affinities, 144 sq.;
linguistic evidence of connexion with
the Galchas, 145; Turki element in
the population of K., 146; Tibetan
admixture, 147 sq.; alleged immi-
gration from China, 149, 157 sq.;
linguistic traces of Tibetan connexion,
149 sq.; racial traces of Indian and
Chinese immigration, 165.
religion: introduction of Bud-
dhism, 164, 231, 232; accounts of
Buddhism in Khotan, 169, 170, 171,
172, 174, 179; disappearance of
Buddhism, 182; Zoroastrian
religion in Khotan, 71, 172; intro-
duction of Islām, 119, 121, 138, 181;
Zārats on old Buddhist sites, 121,
140 n.; Islām in modern Khotan,
140. See also Buddhism, Islām,
local worship.
oasis: its geographical features,
123 sq.; rivers, 124, 171; irrigation,
126; agriculture, 130; administra-
tive divisions, 131; industrial impor-
tance, 132; export of jade, 132 sq.;
silk, cotton, and wool industries, 133
sq.; manufacture of paper, 134 sq.;
industries in pottery, glass, and
metal, 135; gold production, 136;
ancient sites, 185 sq.; introduction
of silkworms, 229 sq.
Khotan, town of, also called Ilchi, 137,
522 n.; Marco Polo's account, 139;
legend of its foundation, 157, 159;
called the 'Western City' in Chinese
Annals, 166 n.; and 'city of the
Western mountains', 167 n., 170,
172; captured by Yūsuf Qadr Khān,
181; antiques acquired at Khotan
town, 218 sqq.; Khotan, one of the
'Six Cities', 268, 522 n.
Khotana, Prākrit name of Khotan, 154,
367; mentioned in Kharoṣṭhī docu-
ment, 326. See Khotan.
Khushbēl Peak, survey station, 22.
Khushlashlangar, 129 n.
Ki-leang, town of Khotan, 522 n.
Kia-sha, see Ch'ia-sha.
Ki-cha, 66. See Chia-shih.
kichik, 'shepherd station,' 420.
Kichik-Döbe, 'the Little Mound,' near
Kāshgar, 78.
Kien, district, 67 n.
kien-tchong, see Chien-chung.
K'ien-ying, see Ch'ien-ying.

K'ieou-tseu (Ch'iu-tzŭ), see Kuchā.
Kighilik, 'the dunghill,' at Ak-sipil,
477 sqq.
kilamudra, designation of double wedge-
tablets, 365, 368.
Kiliik Pass, ease with which it can be
crossed, 21; meeting of ethnic areas
near, 22.
Kin, district, 67 n.
'King's New Monastery' described by
Fa-hsien, 194 n., 224.
Kirghiz, in Kāshgar, 147.
Kisanganga Valley, routes into, 1; the
Dards of, 3.
kitchen, see cook-room.
K'iu-cha, see Ch'ia-sha.
K'iuan-yu-mo (Sarikol), identified with
Wu-ch'a, 42 n., 43 n. See also
Sarikol, Wu-sha.
Kiz-kurghān, 'the tower of the daughter
(or princess),' xv, 35.
Kizil, oasis, 86.
Kizil-Debe, old site, near Khān-arik, 86.
Kizil-Debe ('the Red Mound'), ruined
Stūpa, near Kāshgar, 77 sq.
Kizil-dum, dunes near Keriya river,
420 n.
Kizil-Tam ('the red wall'), fragments
of pottery at, 116.
Kizilik, the 'Red (sands)', dunes near
Endere river, 420.
Klementz, M. D., gives specimen of
forged MS., 511.
knot-dyed fabric (E. i. 029), 430, 442.
knuckle-bones, sheep's (N. xv. 001. j),
374, 411.
K'o-koan-t'an, K'o-lo-t'o, 27. See Sarikol.
K'o-p'an-t'o, 43 n. See Sarikol.
K'o-shih-ha-li, Chinese transcription of
Kāshgar, 48 n.
Kobza-giram-shahr, 458 n.
Kobza-girem-shahr, 458 n.
Kochkar-Oghil, grazing-ground, 310.
Kourtsy, Mr. Rionin, arranges Chinese
documents from Niya Site, 370 n.
Kohmāri (Komāri), etymology of the
name, 190; Hill of K., see Gośṛṅga.
Kök-yār, see Tzŭ-ho.
Kokcha Valley or Yamgān (Yin-po-
chien), 31 n.
Koko-Nor, see Kuk Naur.
Kokul-toghrak, grazing-ground, 420.
Komāri, see Kohmāri.
Komedi, mountain district, identified
with the Chü-mi-t'o of Hsüan-tsang
and the 'land of the Kumēdh', 54;
the Chü-mi-chih of Wu-k'ung, 64.
köne-shahr, 'ancient city,' supposed, at
Hāsa-Tam, 79; north of Niya, 310;
term applied to old remains of any
kind, 450; formation of, 459.
Kōnsamōma, a demon, 454 n.; Ak-taz,
spoken of as his town, 454.
Körgach, on the Endere river, 443.
Kōsa, village, 223.
Kosh-Langar, ruin near, 99.

kōth, Skr. koṭṭa, castle, 2.
Kou, see Ku.
Kou-che-mi, see Kashmir.
Kouo Hin, see Kuo Hsin.
Koutcha, see Kuchā.
Ku, town of Khotan, 522 n.
Ku-shih-mi, Chinese name of Kashmir,
see Kashmir.
kuan, 'frontier pass, guard-house,' 98.
Kuan-chih, in Chinese inscription, 309.
Kuang-tê, king of Khotan, 167, 168.
Kubera, the god of wealth, worship of,
158; statue in the Lahore Museum,
ib. n., 208; at Dandān-Uiliq, 253;
at Rawak Vihāra, 494. See also
Vaiśravaṇa.
Kuchā (Ch'iu-tzŭ), the Protectorate of
An-hsi established here, 8, 60; in-
cluded in the 'Four Garrisons', ib.,
534; visited by Wu-k'ung, 64, 536;
political relations with Khotan, 450;
identified with Ngan-si, 534; isolated,
through Tibetan conquest, 536;
mentioned in N. xv. 93: a, b, 371,
437; under the T'ang dynasty, 544.
Kuei, king of Khotan, 176.
Kujula-Kara-Kadphises, coin of, 205, 575.
Kuk Naur (i.e. Koko-Nor), lake, 449 n.
kul, a marshy depression, 192.
Kul-langar ('the rest-house by the
tank'), old site, 116.
Kum-Chaklik, grazing-ground, 444.
Kum-i-Shahīdān, Muhammadan shrine,
near Aiding-Kul, 226; identified
with the site of Lu-shê convent, 230.
Kum-rabāt-Pādshāhim, 'My Lord of
the Sands Station,' popularly named
Kaptar-Mazār, 119; legend of the
pigeons, ib.; a survival of Hsüan-
tsang's legend of the sacred rats, 120,
121; red clayey soil near, 468 n.
Kumārajīva, Indian Pilgrim, calls Kāsh-
gar Sha-lê, 48; his account of Bud-
dha's alms-bowl at Kāshgar, 67, 68;
taken prisoner at Kara-shahr, 544 n.
Kumāralabdha (T'ung-shou), carried off
from Takṣaśilā, 37.
Kumat, jade pits, 472.
Kumēdh, see Komedi.
Kumuchakar, village, 515.
kumush (a coarse grass), 239, 418, 443,
444, 474; as building material, 454,
458.
Kun-lun range, Ptolemy's Κάσια ὄρη, 50;
explorations in, 124.
Kuṇāla, son of Aśoka, at Taxila, 164.
See also Aśoka.
Kung-yuch, tribe, rebels against the
Chinese, 175.
Kuo Hsin, governor of the 'Four
Garrisons', 64, 533 sqq.
Kurān or Zebak (Ch'ü-lang-na), 31 n.
Kurghān, 'fort,' 73 n.
Kuṣāṇa dynasty, in north-western India,