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Pi-shan (Pe-shan), now the oasis of
Gūma, 97, 103, 167 ; name of new
district, xv.
Piälma, oasis, see P'o-ch'ieh-i.
Pien i tien, notices of Khotan, 151 sqq.,
178 sq.
pigeons, at Mazār of Kumrabāt-Pād-
shāhim, 119 ; a sacred bird to Mu-
hammadans, 121.
'Pigeons' shrine', see Kaptar-Mazār.
Pīrs, on the Afghān frontier, 37 n.;
legend of Pīr on Muzāgh-Ata, 45.
Pischel, Prof. R., on etymologies of
Kāshgar, 49.
pitch-fork, wooden (Niya Site), 384.
Piteya, an official, mentioned in Kharo-
ṣṭhī documents, 326, 366.
plaster, in construction of Stūpa, near
Thōl, 20 ; at Mauri-Tim, 82.
Plates, references in the text to, see
separate index.
Po-ch'ieh-i (Po-kia-s), now the oasis of
Piälma, 98, 117, 173 n.; shrine and
legend of, 118 ; (?) ancient frontier of
Khotan, ib.
Po-chih, position of, 14.
P'o-hai, 97 ; possibly identical with
Piälma or Po-ch'ieh-i, 117.
Po Huan, king of Kuchā, 522 n.
Po-kia-i, 117. See P'o-ch'ieh-i.
Po-la-sse, 34 n. See Po-la-ssū.
Po-la-ssū (Po-la-sse, Po-li-sse), Chinese
transcription of Persia, 34.
Po-lei or So-lei, river, near Āb-i-Panja, 8.
Po-li-sse, 34 n. See Po-la-ssū.
Po-liu, see Po-lü.
Po-lo-men or Brahmans, 90, 92.
Po-lü or Pu-lu (Po-liu), survives in the
designation Paloyo, 6 ; importance
of, to the Chinese, 7.
Po-lü, Great, the modern Baltistān,
mentioned in T'ang Annals, 5 ;
wrongly identified with Ladāk, ib. n.;
subject to China, 6 ; to Tibet, ib.
Po-lü, Little, the modern Gileit, men-
tioned in T'ang Annals, 6 ; kings of,
7 ; constituted a military territory by
the Emperor Hsüan-tsung, ib. ; oc-
cupied by the Tibetans, ib.; recovered
by the Chinese, 8 sqq., 63, 177 ;
capital of Yeh-to, 10.
Po-la-lo, mentioned by Hsüan-tsang, 6 n.
Po-mêng, see Po-yü.
P'o-t'ê-mo, king of Chieh-shuai, 11.
Po-t'ao, 'king of the Great Yüeh-chih
allied to the Wei,' 371, 537.
Po-to-chang-na, now Badakhshān, men-
tioned by Hsüan-tsang, 31 n.
Po-yü (or Po-mêng), now the village
group of Tong, 29.
Pocgayaesa, Sramana, mentioned in
Kharoṣṭhī documents, 365 n.
Polo, Marco, description of the Pashāi,
14 n.; route from the central Pāmīrs
to Kāshgar, 41 ; opinion of the people
of 'Casear', 49 n., 70 ; account of

Yarcan (Yarkand), 87 ; account of
the Khotanese, 139 sq. ; visit to
Khotan, 183 ; description of Char-
chan, 436 ; account of Pein, 457, 463.
Ponak, hamlet, 464.
'Ponak, old', deserted village, 458.
poplars, ancient trunks of, 314, 330,
331, 378, 380 ; as building material,
317, 330, 333 ; ancient poplar leaves,
329, 337.
porcelain, Chinese, fragments (D. K.
002, a-d), 461, 464 ; (D. K. 003. k),
461, 465.
porcelaneous frit, see frit.
Posgām-Bāzār, 89.
'Potais', 99, 421, 502.
Pōthis, pictorial representation (Dandān-
Uiliq), 255 ; portions, found in D. iii,
256 sqq. ; in D. iv, 265 ; in D. v,
265 sq. ; in D. vi, 274 ; at Endere,
424 sq.
potsherds, see terra-cotta, pottery.
pottery, see terra-cotta, pottery.
Pou, see Pu.
Pou-li, see Pu-li.
Prajñā Pāramitā, MS. found at Dandān-
Uiliq, 257, 258, 295.
Prākrit, on Kharoṣṭhī documents from
Niya Site, 321, 364 ; historical import
of its use, 368.
Pratyekabuddha (P'i-chih-fo), 231, 232,
234.
Preliminary Report, published, x.
Procopius, on Serinda, 134.
Proto-Tibetan (?), non-Sanskritic lan-
guage, 150, 272 ; texts (Dandān-
Uiliq) (D. iii. 8, 14), 257, 295 ;
(D. v. 1, 2, 7), 265, 267, 272, 296,
297 ; (D. x. 9, 10. a), 262, 301 ;
(Endere) (E. i. 1, 2, 3), 438, 439
(Note xxii) ; (E. i. 7), 425, 440 (Note
xxvi) ; (E. i. 9), 440 (Note xxv) ;
439 (Note xxiii).
Ptolemy, account of the land of the
Seres, 53 sq. ; Issedon Serica, now
Khotan, 134.
Pu-, Buddhist monk, 277, 531.
Pu-k'o-yi, mountains, mentioned by
Sung Yün, 29.
Pu-li (Pou-li), in kingdom of Chu-chü-
pan, 91, 92.
Pu-nye-shar, Chinese princess, intro-
duced silkworms into Khotan, 230,
581.
Puruṣapura, see Peshāwar.
Pyagpag, mentioned in Tibetan sgraffito,
432, 509.

quadriga with charioteer, in intaglio
from Khotan, 209, 220.
Qutayba ibn Muslim, effect of his con-
quests on the Chinese empire, 5 ;
captures Kāshgar, 48 n., 62.

r omitted in Chinese rendering of Turki
names, 10 n.

rabāb (mandoline or guitar), terra-cotta
(Yōtkan), 213 ; on painted panel
(D. ii. 010), 251, 294 ; found at Niya
Site (N. xii. 2), 336, 399.
rāhdārī, system of, 2 n.
Rāhula appears in the form of Buddha,
231.
Rājataraṅgiṇī, statements in Stein's
translation rectified (II. p. 435), 5
n. ; (IV. 126, note), 13 n. See also
Kalhaṇa.
Rakiposhi, Mount, 20.
Rāmchand, Pandit, on excavations at
Yōtkan, 192 sq.
Rām Singh, surveyor, deputed to ac-
company Stein, vi ; appreciation of
his services, 518.
Rapson, Prof. E. J., assistance rendered
by, xii, xiii, 520 ; on coins from
Togujai, 110 n., 111 ; on Tibetan
titles in Kharoṣṭhī documents from
Niya, 149 n.; on Kharoṣṭhī docu-
ments, 311, 318, 320, 326, 364 sqq. ;
on inscriptions in general (N. xv. 24),
355 ; on coins found or purchased at
various sites, 575 sqq.
rats, Hsüan-tsang's legend of the sacred,
survives in the legend of Kaptar-
Mazār, 120, 121 ; their chief, repre-
sented on painted panel (D. iv. 5),
121, 264 sq., 296.
Rawak, near Dandān-Uiliq, remains of
Stūpas, 304 ; inscribed wooden tablet,
305 ; objects found, 306.
Rawak Stūpa, march to, 483 ; excava-
tions, 484 ; dimensions of Stūpa, 485 ;
Vihāra court, plan of, 484 sq. ; relief
sculptures, 486-499 ; quasi-Mongo-
lian faces in relief sculptures, 165,
166 n., 495 ; wavy drapery, 246, 490,
495 ; approximate date of abandon-
ment, 501.
rayadvara, 'royal court of justice,'
366 n.
rayadvarapaṣṭhita, 'president of the
royal court', 366.
Rāzdiangan Pass, see Trūgbāl Pass.
Read, Mr. C., on manufacture of frit
or celadon, 381.
relievos, in stucco, see stucco reliefs.
Rémusat, M. Abel, on Khotan, 133,
151 sqq., 178 sq.
Reya, India, 161 ; generally means
China, ib. n., 581.
ring, gold split (R. 003), 506 ; signet
(B. D. 001. c), 219 ; (N. 0015), 381,
415 ; soapstone (H. 001. d), 473.
See also finger-rings.
rise of level in cultivated ground, see
silt-deposits.
rivers, shifting of, in Eastern Turkestān,
see shrinkage, 381, 382.
roads, in Khotan, explanation of their
low level, 197, 238.
Rockhill, Mr. W. W., on the 'Drupa
type', 147, 149 ; translates 'The