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| 0131 |
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 |
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political centre has shifted from Yarkand since the re-establishment of Chinese rule, the above
description still holds good; and we may well conclude that the flourishing condition of the
city which Marco Polo's account also indicates, was maintained from early times independent
of political predominance.
SECTION IV.—KARGHALIK IN CHINESE RECORDS
We have seen already that Hsüan-tsang's itinerary, after leaving Kāshgar, took him over
a distance of 500 li in a south-easterly direction, to the kingdom of Chê-chü-chia. Since the
pilgrim distinctly mentions the crossing of the Sita or Yarkand river en route, there can be no
doubt that Chê-chü-chia must be identified with the present district of Karghalik. The latter
may be roughly described as comprising the hill tracts which slope down from the snowy
ranges confining the valley of the Raskam Daryā or Upper Yarkand river, and at their northern
foot are bordered by the lower course of that river and the sands of the Taklamakān. Where
the streams draining these hills debouch into the plain, either to carry their water into the
Yarkand river, or to be absorbed in irrigation, we find oases of remarkable fertility formed on
the rich alluvial soil. The largest of these, with a town of considerable size and importance,
is the oasis of Karghalik, watered by the Tiznaf river and a number of smaller streams; it is
joined on the north by a belt of highly cultivated ground with numerous villages, which extends
unbroken for about 25 miles from Karghalik town to the right bank of the Yarkand river.
It remains doubtful whether the capital of Chê-chü-chia, which Hsüan-tsang describes as
having a circumference of twelve li, and defended by high and solid walls¹, is to be located
at the site of the present Karghalik or perhaps further north, where, not far from the Yarkand
river, we find another large and flourishing settlement at Posgām-Bāzār. But it is certain
that his description of the territory, the circuit of which he estimates at a thousand li, or ten
marches, accurately fits the district of Karghalik. 'La population est nombreuse; les montagnes
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724
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