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position of Lop-nör. It incidentally also shows that the older name of Lou-lan or Lao-lan must have
long survived in popular use. 'This is why the local people ordinarily call the lake *Lao-lan*
牢蘭海. This is the term used by the *Shih shih hsi yü chi* when it says : " The River of the
South, coming from Yü-t'ien (Khotan), proceeds towards the north-east for 3,000 li, and on its
arrival at Shan-shan enters into the Lao-lan lake." ' This is not the place to enter upon the
'Lop-nör question' in general, complicated, perhaps, quite as much as elucidated by the con-
troversial literature which has accumulated over it since the days of the protagonists Prejevalsky
and Richthofen. But for the historical student the Lao-lan lake in this passage can scarcely refer
to anything but the Kara-koshun marshes, which occupied then much the same place which they
do now.
Shan-shan
during Chin
times.
We may now resume our task of tracing back historical notices of the Lop tract previous to
Fa-hsien's journey. I can find no mention of it in the passages concerning the Western Regions
which M. Chavannes has rendered accessible from the records of the Chin dynasties (A.D. 265-419),
though the successful expedition of Lu Kuang in A.D. 383, which on the one side touched Kara-
shahr and Kuchā and on the other Chü-mo or Charchan, must have also passed through Shan-
shan.¹⁵ But it is of interest to remark that a Chinese notice quoted by Rémusat refers, under the
date of A.D. 280, to Shan-shan as the key of the southern route leading from China to Khotan, and
to its chiefs as having friendly relations with the Empire.¹⁶ In A.D. 283 the Chin Annals mention
the dispatch of young men of princely descent from Shan-shan to take up service at the Imperial
Court.¹⁷ We shall see in the next chapter how striking a confirmation these statements have
received from the discoveries of Chinese records belonging to the first half of the Chin epoch which
Dr. Hedin's and my own excavations brought to light from the ruins of the Chinese military station
of 'Lou-lan', in the north of the Lop desert and on the ancient 'middle route' connecting the
Tārim Basin with Tun-huang.¹⁸
Shan-shan
in the *Wei
lio*.
For the immediately preceding 'Epoch of the Three Kingdoms' (A.D. 220-265) the extant
portion of the *Wei lio*, composed between A.D. 239 and 265,¹⁹ furnishes particularly important
notices about the three routes which were then distinguished as leading from Tun-huang to the
Western Regions, and to which it will be necessary to refer repeatedly hereafter. The description
of the foreign territories along the Southern route opens with 'the kingdom of *Chü-mo* (Charchan),
the kingdom of *Hsiao-yüan*, the kingdom of *Ching-chüeh*, the kingdom of *Lou-lan*, which are all
dependencies of *Shan-shan*', this list being followed by an enumeration of territories westwards,
dependent upon Khotan.²⁰ There can be no doubt that by Shan-shan is here meant the present
Lop tract with its main oasis of Charkhlik. The identity of Chü-mo, Hsiao-yüan, and Ching-chüeh
with the ancient oases stretching from Charchan to the end of the Niya River has been fully
discussed already.²¹ With regard to the 'kingdom of Lou-lan', here mentioned as distinct from
Shan-shan, it will be best to reserve our views until we have examined all archaeological data now
available for the 'Lou-lan Site' north of Lop-nör, and until we have ascertained the light which they
throw on the few historical notices relating to it.
Niya or
Ching-
chüeh
dependent
on Shan-
shan.
The essential interest of the *Wei lio* record lies in the fact that it mentions the dependence on
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