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tamarisk bundles embedded in the wall of stamped clay at intervals of about two feet. Beyond
this section, the line of the wall could still be made out in places by tamarisk bundles which had
once served as its foundation and now survived on the top of small Yārdangs. The original
thickness of the wall could not be determined with any certainty, as it was evident that its sides had
everywhere suffered much from the paring effect of the sand driven along it. The subsequent plane-
table survey of the site showed the distance between the north and south walls I had thus traced to
be approximately 1,020 feet.
It was a more difficult task to ascertain the position of the west and east walls, which obviously Difficulty of
must have once completed the defences of the small fortified station. Among the close-set Yārdangs tracing east
which furrowed the ground everywhere immediately beyond the area occupied by ruins I looked in and west
vain for any sign of a continuous line suggesting a wall. The time I could then spare from other walls.
pressing tasks was too limited to permit of a prolonged examination of the problem, and as the
Surveyor was again hors de combat with rheumatic pains, which exposure to the bitter cold and
the constant cutting wind had increased—on December 22 the minimum thermometer showed
46 degrees Fahr. below freezing-point—I was deprived of such guidance as a large-scale plan made
with the plane-table might have furnished.² It was owing to these difficulties that I failed
altogether at that time to discover the true position of the east, or to be more precise east-north-
east, wall, and that the two small segments of the west (recte west-south-west) wall which I actually
did notice I first erroneously interpreted as remains of two projecting towers which might have
flanked the western gate of the little station.³
In reality these two clay mounds close to L.A. IV, as my fresh survey in 1914 clearly showed, Position of
fall exactly into the line of the west wall, running N. 330° W. to S. 150° E. The southern one is west gate
about twenty-four feet long, and shows at its base a thickness of about fifteen feet. It rises steeply traced.
to about sixteen feet above the eroded ground level; but it was impossible to determine how much
of this height belongs to the superstructure and how much is merely the result of the lowering of
the ground through wind-erosion. To the north, beyond a gap of some thirty yards, rises a second
and smaller segment of the wall, about fifteen feet long and nine feet thick. Its height is about nine
feet, and on its top two layers of tamarisk bundles could still be made out, separated by about three
feet of stamped clay. The survival here of these small remnants of the wall is easily accounted for
by the protection which the ruined dwellings, L.A. IV–VI, closely adjoining must have given. The
ground between the two segments is strewn with heavy timber débris, and as our surveys of
both 1906 and 1914 show this gap to be exactly in the middle of the west wall, we may, I think,
safely assume that the western gate of the fortified station stood here. I found closely correspond-
ing examples of large gateways, built with heavy timber, in the ancient fort of Kara-dong on the
lower course of the Keriya River⁴ and in the fort L.K. explored in 1914 on my way to the
Lou-lan Site.⁵
Of that portion of the circumvallation which had faced east-north-east I had been unable in East face of
1906 to discover any trace. So I was forced to the conclusion that the constant scouring of that circumvalla-
terrible east-north-east wind, which, as our experience showed, does not cease completely even in tion.
the winter, and of the sand it drives before it, must have first breached this wall face directly
obstructing its way at every point marked by a Yārdang trench, and ultimately broken down and
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