Serindia : vol.2 / 224 ページ（カラー画像）

0224	Serindia : vol.2
セリンディア : vol.2

of the section of Hsün-ch'êng 循城. The name is not met with elsewhere and looks curious, as it
literally means 'along the [Great] Wall'.⁸ In what relation the 'superintendent of Yü-mên barrier'
mentioned in some documents of T. xiv stood to the *tu-wei* of Yü-mên', I am unable to make out.⁹

Military
sub-
divisions
on Limes. We find yet another *tu-wei* of Tun-huang mentioned in the interesting and fortunately complete
document No. 592, T. XII. a. 3, of A.D. 21, which contains the pay account of a certain soldier, and
incidentally furnishes us with definite indications as to the successive grades of the military hierarchy
on the Limes. Corporal Wang, to whose origin and claim for pay we shall have occasion to refer
further on,¹⁰ is described as 'subordinate to the officer commanding a watch-post of the *P'ing-wang*
barrier, which depends on *Pu-kuang*, sub-section (*ch'ü* 曲) and residence of the [*tu-*]*wei*, in [the
command of] *Tun-tê'*, i.e. Tun-huang.¹¹ We have already seen that the local name P'ing-wang
平望 was applied to that portion of the Limes which extended from the Jade Gate eastwards to
T. XXII. c and perhaps further still.¹² Of *Pu-kuang* 步廣 M. Chavannes shows that it is described
in the *Ch'ien Han shu* as a military subdivision (*hou-kuan* 候官) with fortified headquarters in
which the *tu-wei* of the central section had his official residence.¹³ It seems, therefore, to follow
that the section of the Limes comprising P'ing-wang and extending east of the Jade Gate was under
the administration of the military commandant, or *tu-wei*, of the 'central section' of Tun-huang.¹⁴
The term *hou-kuan* which has just been mentioned, and the application of which during Han times
M. Chavannes has discussed at some length,¹⁵ is also met with in our documents. In the Han
Annals the term is applied to administrative subdivisions subject to military authority and having
fortified headquarters. The references in the documents are too brief to furnish clear evidence on
the point. But it is of interest to find the term coupled with the names of Yü-mên and
Ta-chien-tu.¹⁶

Officers
subordinate
to *tu-wei*. The fact that the great mass of our Limes documents has been recovered at small watch-posts
explains why references to officers subordinate to the *tu-wei* are far the more numerous. Among
such the *Ch'ien Han shu*, as M. Chavannes points out, specially names 'chiefs of a thousand men',
*ch'ien jên* 千人, and *ssü-ma* 司馬,¹⁷ and, no doubt, they represented the higher ranks in the military
hierarchy below the *tu-wei*. The *ssü-ma* are met with in about half a dozen documents without their
function being made clear to us.¹⁸ The former were evidently graded higher, and may have
exercised functions corresponding to those of a battalion commander. It is significant that the
three documents in which they are mentioned were found at T. xiv, the Jade Gate headquarters.¹⁹

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