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| 0084 |
Serindia : vol.3 |
| セリンディア : vol.3 |
引用情報
OCR読み取り結果
difficult it has always been for the Chinese to keep this exposed bridge-head of Hāmi while control
over the territory north was not yet secured or had been lost was seen anew during the last great
Muhammadan rebellion. The oasis then repeatedly changed hands between the Chinese and the
Tungans coming from Bar-kul, and for years became almost wholly deserted.
Hāmi route
not opened
by Former
Han.
These circumstances resulting from the geographical position of Hāmi enable us to account for
what might otherwise seem a puzzling historical observation. I mean the fact that the 'northern
route' leading through Hāmi, though physically so much easier than the one leading through the
Lop Desert and Lou-lan, was not opened by the Chinese until nearly two centuries later. Obviously
Chinese statesmanship fully realized the difficulties of holding an advanced base so exposed as
Hāmi as long as the power of the Hsiung-nu in the north remained unbroken. It was safer to fight
the difficulties of nature than to face the attacks of an elusive, irrepressible foe. When later on the
necessity was felt of securing more direct access to 'Posterior Chü-shih', i. e. the region of the
present Guchen, ever closely linked with Turfān, it was not the route via Hāmi which was opened
in A.D. 2, but the desert track starting to the north of the ancient Jade Gate and described in the
Wei lio as the 'new northern route'.¹¹ When discussing this above, we have seen that its line kept
well away from Hāmi and trusted to the protection of waterless desert wastes.
Mixed
population
of Hāmi.
It may be due to the same factor of geographical position and to the political vicissitudes
implied by it that the population of Hāmi does not appear to have ever possessed that well-defined
individuality in ethnic character and local culture which records, remains, and extant characteristics
of race attest for territories like Khotan, Kuchā, or Turfān, and which might be expected in a com-
munity so isolated geographically. The present population seemed to me to have been affected far
more by Chinese influence in language, manners, and dress than that of any other Turkestān tract
I know. At the same time, in its physical features the admixture of a purely Turkish element
appeared to me to be more marked than among the Turki-speaking peoples which form the settled
agricultural communities in the oases of the Tārim Basin.¹⁵ In these Mr. Joyce's examination of
the anthropometric materials collected by me has proved that the Homo Alpinus type of an originally
Iranian stock prevails. Mr. Joyce's results also point to a distinctly mixed character of the
population of Hāmi.¹⁶
Fresh
colonies
brought to
Hāmi.
This mixture of disparate elements is easily accounted for by the history of Hāmi. For more
than fifteen hundred years past the oasis has been an important halting-place on the main line of
communication between China and Central Asia. The fertility of its soil must have greatly
facilitated the process of re-population by fresh agricultural colonies, whether from China or Turfān
and the Tārim Basin, after each destructive inroad. The admixture of a genuinely Turkish element
is explained by the close vicinity northward of an area possessed of distinct attractions to a nomadic
race such as the Western Turks were, and at the same time affording in the Karlik-tāgh valleys
Hereditary
local chief
of Hāmi.
opportunities for transition to a settled agricultural life.¹⁷ Even now Hāmi possesses its purely
Chinese agricultural colony, brought here since the Tungan upheaval, side by side with the Turki-
speaking Muhammadan population left under the administration of its own hereditary chief.
Descended from the family which held Hāmi when it passed from Dzungar domination under
Chinese control in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, he is the only local ruler now left in
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522
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532
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542
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553
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573
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593
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613
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633
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653
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671
672
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