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0190	Serindia : vol.3
セリンディア : vol.3

journey that observations on the historical topography and old remains of the Bugur-Kuchā section
can more appropriately be discussed.

Territory of I may, however, conveniently add here some remarks concerning the ground to the south
Ch'ü-li. which was touched by our surveys along the Inchike, or Shahyār, River. There can, I think, be no
doubt that the area comprising the riverine tracts between the Inchike-daryā and the Tārim from
below Shahyār to the vicinity of the Konche-daryā is identical with the territory of Ch'ü-li 渠黎
which the Former Han Annals repeatedly mention in connexion with an early Chinese military
colony.² The special notice on Ch'ü-li tells us that this territory, the modest resources of which are
sufficiently indicated by the mention of a population of '130 families, comprising 1,480 persons', with
150 troops, had Wei-li as its neighbour on the north-east, Chü-mo on the south-east, and Ching-
chüeh on the south.³ The river it adjoined led westwards to Kuchā at a distance of 580 li.⁴
A glance at the general map shows that the position here described with reference to Wei-li (Kara-
kum–Tikenlik), Chü-mo (Charchan), Ching-chüeh (Niya Site), and Kuchā corresponds exactly to that
occupied by the riverine tracts above indicated.

Cultivation The maps Nos. 39, 42 will show how small and scattered are the patches of cultivation to be
along found now along the line of the Inchike-daryā surveyed by R. B. Lal Singh, and the same remark
Inchike and
Tārim R. applies equally to the corresponding section of the Tārim River south of it, as was seen on its
survey in 1915. Nevertheless the possibility of cultivation, whether permanent or of the inter-
mittent type above mentioned, is proved within the limits fixed by the physical difficulties which
frequent changes in the river-courses and risks of exceptional floods and abnormally low water-levels
must necessarily imply on such ground. It thus becomes possible to account for the efforts which
the Chinese, during the earliest period of their expansion into the Tārim Basin, made for establishing
a military agricultural colony in Ch'ü-li.

Military These efforts began immediately after the successful expedition to Ta-yüan or Farghāna
agricultural (101 B.C.), when we are told of several hundred military colonists being settled at Lun-t'ai 輪臺
colony of
Ch'ü-li. and Ch'ü-li.⁵ The identity of Lun-t'ai with the relatively large oasis of Bugur (Map No. 42. A. 1, 2;
39. D. 1) has been recognized long ago and is certain.⁶ The Former Han Annals' notice of Ch'ü-li,
after referring to this first establishment of the colony, reproduces at length a memorial addressed
to the Emperor Wu-ti in 90 B.C. and the rescript issued in reply, which clearly suggest that its
success was then of short duration.⁷ Incidentally, however, we receive a glimpse of the natural
difficulties besetting agriculture on such ground in the references which the memorial makes to the
need of improving the naturally fertile soil there by 'drains and watercourses' and of settling the
indigenous people, who manifestly were semi-nomadic like the present Lopliks. The hope expressed
was that 'following their original vocation of rearing cattle, they would also clear the land'.

The proposal made in the memorial of re-establishing military colonies at Lun-t'ai and in the
territories of Ch'ü-li and Chieh-chih ⁸ east of it was negated at the time. But in 68 B.C. the

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