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The main objects which had brought me to Ak-su were attained during my five days' stay at Stay at P'an
the 'New Town', the headquarters of P'an Ta-jên. In the course of this long-planned reunion Ta-jên's head-
I was able to thank that valued old Mandarin friend in person for all the effective help which, quarters.
as Tao-t'ai of Ak-su, he had extended to me in his division, ever since I first entered it at Charkhlik,
and far beyond its eastern limits, too. I could also satisfy his unfailing scholarly interest in the results
of my labours by showing him specimens of my finds of ancient Chinese records, etc. At the same
time P'an Ta-jên's powerful recommendation enabled me to assure all the local assistance which R. B.
Lal Singh needed for the continuous survey he was to carry through the outer T'ien-shan ranges as
far as the passes north of Kāshgar. His friendly interest was secured also for Chiang Ssŭ-yeh,
whose devoted services had helped so much towards the success of my efforts.
The inquiries made during my stay at Ak-su failed to produce any information pointing to the Ak-su the
existence of old remains within the district. Nor do its early history and topography call for Ku-mo of
prolonged comments since the essential data available in the Chinese records have already been Han Annals.
duly elucidated by MM. Chavannes and Grenard. It is the latter's merit to have first correctly
demonstrated that the territory which in the Former Han Annals is described under the designation
of Ku-mo 姑墨 and is mentioned by the same name also in the Later Han Annals and the Wei lio
is identical with the present Ak-su.² The Former Han Annals' notice places it quite correctly to
the west of Kuei-tzŭ, or Kuchā, at 670 li distance, and Khotan to the south 'at a distance of fifteen
days' journey on horseback', the very number of marches which I counted between Khotan and
Ak-su. The population of 3,500 families indicated seems to bear an approximately correct propor-
tion to the 6,970 families recorded for Kuei-tzŭ (Kuchā) or the 4,000 given for Yen-ch'i, or Kara-
shahr.³ Of Wên-su 溫宿, which the same notice puts 270 li to the west of Ku-mo, and which
modern Chinese geographical texts and administrative nomenclature wrongly identify with Ak-su,
MM. Grenard and Chavannes have shown that it corresponds to Uch-Turfān (Map No. 19. A. 4).⁵
A passage of the T'ang Annals clearly indicates the identity of the Ku-mo of Han times with Ak-su in
the 'little kingdom of Po-lu-chia' 跋 祿 迦 which Hsüan-tsang reached from Kuchā after having T'ang times.
crossed a small desert for 600 li westwards.⁶ Another passage of the T'ang shu, in recording a full
itinerary from Kuchā westwards to Uch-Turfān (Wên-su) and beyond, mentions the town of Ak-su
by the names of Po-huan 撥 換 or Wei-jung 威 戎 or Ku-mo, and correctly describes its position.⁷
To this string of varying names for the same place must be added the form Chi-mo 疏 墨, which the
first passage of the T'ang-shu records as a variant, and the forms Po-huan 鉢 浣 or Pu-han 怖 汗,
which Wu-k'ung mentions in addition to Wei-jung.⁸ Hsüan-tsang's description of Po-lu-chia, which the
T'ang Annals reproduce without adding more than the identity of the 'little kingdom' with Ku-mo,
or Chi-mo, is brief. He states its extent as about 600 li from east to west by 300 li from north to
south, and the size of its capital as 5 to 6 li in circuit. ⁹ In general characteristics this country and its
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