国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

tion, 730 sqq.; military and political
situation in first centuries before and
after Christ, 730 sqq.; Limes ad-
vanced beyond Tun-huang (101 B. C.),
728, 741; westernmost extension
reached (96 B.C.), 728; retrenchment
in 1st cent. A.D., 694 sq.; due to
troubles with Hsiung-nu, 695, 731;
prob. date of abandonment, 648, 659,
668, 696; traffic continued after aban-
donment, 696; line beyond T. XIV
ceased as continuous defensive system
since Wang Mang, 636, 674, 694,
731; SW. flank prob. abandoned in
Wang Mang's time, 647 sq., 731;
secondary wall indicates policy of
passive defence, 731; importance of
Limes declines after 73 A.D., 732;
regular guarding discontinued by mid-
dle of second cent. A. D., 733; Chinese
policy of seclusion under Ming, 1122 sq.
antiques found along Tun-huang
Limes, list of, 767 sq.; scarcity of
paper frr., 674; frr. of literature,
763 sq. See also Chinese documents,
Sogdian, tablets.
See also 'Great Wall', Roman,
Tun-huang, watch-towers, Yü-mên
kuan.
limestone: fr., 366; pebble, 363; whet-
stone, 425.
Lin Ta-jên, Tun-huang officer, 586.
linear designs, see designs.
linen: as backing for stucco relief, 184;
clothing of soldiers on Tun-huang
Limes, 760; used for Ch'ien-fo-tung
paintings, 846; misc. frr. found, 769,
988(l), 1170 (l), 1222 (l); banners,
see s. v.; border of MS.-roll cover, 954;
canopies, 966, 994; canopies, miniature,
894, 1000; circular mat, 196; paintings
on, see paintings; thread, ib.; votive
'rags' (?), 1198, 1229. See also
hemp.
Ling-chih, mod. sub-prefecture of Ping-
fan, 725.
Ling-hu, military company, 648, 744,
747 n. 27; located at T. VI. b, 649.
Linnaea borealis, shells of, 432.
lion-headed demon, paintings of, 979, 995.
lion masks, terra-cotta, see masks.
lioness, figures of: on seal impression, 1257;
head on bronze terminal, 384, 436.
lions, figures of: on seals, 118, 125 sq.,
263; in fresco, 520, 523; in draw-
ings and paintings, 891, 943, 950,
967, 979, 1000, 1003, 1025, 1067,
1086 (see also Mañjuśrī); in textile
decoration, 903; confronting, in textile
decoration, 908, 911, 963; winged at
Ho-nan, 515 n. 5a.
Littledale, Mr. St. George: on Nan-hu
embankment, 610 n. 2, 618; on tâgh-
yol, from Tun-huang, 622.
Littlejohn, Mr. S. W., help with Ch'ien-
fo-tung paintings, 832 n. 2a.

Little Wan, see Hsiao-yüan.
Liu Ch'i, 'director of literary studies in
Sha-chou district', 800.
Liu Chin-tang, General, 580.
Liu-chung, Han name for Lukchun oasis,
1160; seat of 'Chang-chih', ib.
Lo Ch'ên-yü, Mr.: publishes Sha chou
chih (q.v.), 716; publishes Chinese
Manichaean text, 922.
Lo-ta-ching, misreading of Ko-ta-ching,
q.v.
Lo-tsun, Buddhist pilgrim, 798.
Lo-yang, sub-prefecture, named on cloth
label, 656.
Lob, see Lop.
'local authorities', see fu-li.
local names: artificial landmarks used
for, 72; earlier local names, record of,
288; Chinese use of, 344 n. 26; names
of Limes companies coupled with, 596,
659, 668, 670; Tibetan local names
in docs., 1462, 1466.
local worship, survival of: in Chitral, 41;
at Kārwān-balasi, 71; on Chichilik
plateau, 78 n. 15; at caves in Pakbpu,
89; at Puski, 92; near Yōkān, 94;
at Tun-huang Limes, 588, 601 sq.;
at site of 'Jade Gate', 696; near
Bulungir, 727; near An-hsi, 1060,
1095; at Wan-shan-tzu, 1139; at Ara-
tam, 1151; at Kohmāri, ib.; at
debouchure of streams, and near canal-
heads, 1151 sq.; near Korla, 1232;
near Islāmābād, 1280; at Mazār-tāgh,
1285; at Kapak-asite, 1320; at Tört
Imām [ar], 1322; local worship of
rocky heights, 1302, 1310; of stone
image, 1303. See also Mazārs, Ziarats.
locks, wooden: (Tun-huang) 652; (Ma-
zār-tāgh) 1288, 1293, 1295.
locks and keys, wooden: from Khādalik,
160, 162, 186, 191, 193-5; from
Kara-dong, 1242 sq.; Mr. F. H. An-
drews on, 160, 191-3; mod. analogies,
160 n. 13. See also keys.
Lóczy, Prof. L. de: help of, xix; visits
Ch'ien-fo-tung, 586.
Lokāpālas, 'Guardians of the Four Re-
gions': colossal figs. in fresco, 931;
fresco fr., (Chong-hasār) 1170.
in Ch'ien-fo-tung paintings: 868 sq.,
870 sqq., 881, 884, 939, 942,
946, 958 sq., 969, 980, 991, 1001,
1004, 1013, 1040, 1058, &c.; in
Chinese MS. book, 1016, 1026; in
woodcuts, 969, &c.
types, arrangement, &c. of paint-
ings: 'Indian' or 'Central Asian'
type, 870, 872; 'Chinese' type, 873;
early conception and popularity of L.,
870; figures in Turkestān and China,
870 sq., 873; mod. representations,
870; date of adoption by Chinese Bud-
dhist art, 871; identification of indi-
vidual L., ib.; cognizances of L., ib.;
female figures supporting L., 871 sq.,

956; groups of banners, 872; armour
and dress of L. figures, 873; scale
armour represented, 464, 465 n. 4,
873; chain mail represented once,
873; details of foot-gear, 873 sq.;
Western Asiatic style in head-gear,
874; connexion of flame emblems
with Iranian 'royal glory', 874.
sculptures, modern, (Ch'ien-fo-tung)
796, 927, 930.
stucco frs.: ('Ming-oi') 1188, 1199,
1219; (Farhād-Beg-yailaki) 1249.
wooden statuette: ('Ming-oi') 1197,
1218.
See also Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Vaiśravaṇa,
Virūḍhaka, Virūpākṣa.
Lokaprajñā, Tibetan MS. fr. of, 1471.
London: return from K̲h̲otan to, 1317 sq.,
1327.
Long-li, king of Kara-shahr, 1330.
Longue, Col. F. B.: help given by, viii.
loom, represented on painted panel, 194.
loom-weights: clay, 205, 210; lead, 439.
See also spinning-whorls.
loopholes in ruined fort of K̲h̲āk̲ā̲nning-
shahri, 82.
loops, see designs.
Lop, hamlet of, 454.
Lop, territory and town of (anc. Lou-
lan or Shan-shan, see s. vv.): historical
notices of, 318-44; Marco Polo's
Lop, identified with mod. Charkhlīk
(q.v.), 308, 311, 318 sq.; Mīrzā
Ḥaidar's Lob, 319 sq.; Shan-shan
of P'ei Chü, Sung Yün, and Fa-hsien,
323 sq.; etymology, &c., of name, 318
n. 1, 320; people of, known as Lopliks
(q.v.), 312, 318 n. 5; position, popula-
tion, and position of chief settlements
of anc. Lop, 335; anc. topography
summarized, 344 sq.; route to, from
Turfan, 1175. See also Han Annals,
Na-fu-po, Nob.
Lop desert, 350 sqq.: physical features
and prehistoric occupation of district,
357 sqq.; Tārim lagoons, 351 sqq.;
wind erosion, 353 sqq., 359 sq.; dead
riverine jungle, 354; wind-eroded anc.
delta, 354 sqq.; explorations of 1914-
15, 350 sqq.; relics and objects found,
356 sqq.; Descriptive List, 363 sqq.
routes: Loplik tradition about, 565.
See also Lop-nōr, Lop-shōr, Charchan,
Charkhlīk, Fa-hsien, Hṣüan-tsang,
Lou-lan, Ma Tuan-lin, Mirān, P'ei
Chü, Polo, Shah Rukh, Sung Yün,
T'ang period, Tun-huang, Wei lio.
*Lop-chuk, see Lapchuk.
Lop-nōr ('Salt Marsh', yen-tsê): Li
Tao-yüan's Lou-lan (Lou-lan) lake,
297, 328; Pu-ch'ang lake of Shui ching
and Ch'ien Han shu, 306, 320, 327,
420, 423, 425, 327, 330; Sab-ma,
Ch'ien's name for, 340; Fu marshes,
420, 423; location of, 424; assumed
great changes in bed of lake, 335;