National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

Tôpa-nôr, conduit and colony, 1310 n. 2.
Tôpa-shahr, circumvallation, 1309.
Tôpa-tim, Sûpa ruin, 91.
Tôplu-na-i-Zât-bêg, watch-tower near
Shuyist, 50.
Tora, anc. mound at Charkhlîk, 314, 321.
Torgut tribes, Mongols, 1180.
Tört-Imâm[lar] ('the Four Imâms'),
oasis and pilgrimage place, 1322. See
also Four Imâms, Sai-bâgh.
tortoise : terra-cotta saucer in form of fr.,
1286, 1292 ; in paintings and draw-
ings, 975, 1056.
Toruk, village, 1151.
Tosali, canton of Khotan, statistics of,
1319 n. 2.
T'ou-kung, hamlet, 1091.
T'ou-p'u, see Sumkâgho.
T'ou-tun, near Chin-fa, 1134.
towers : (Endere) 278 ; clay-built, (So-
yang-ch'êng) 1100 ; wooden, (Chia-yü
kuan) 1117 ; ruined, (Lapchuk) 1156 ;
(Chong-köl) 1181 ; (Chokkur) 1182.
See also watch-towers.
'Town of the Dragon' : Li Tao-yüan's
notice, 420, 423 sqq. ; location of,
424 sq. ; origin of name, 424.
'Town of the military colony', see I-hsün.
Toyuk, townlet in Turfân basin : famous
for grapes, 1166 ; Chinese Buddhist
Sûtra rolls found, 1167 n. 18 ; List of
objects from, 1176.
tracing, used for reproducing paintings,
846, 893, 999.
tracks, see cart-tracks, footprints.
trade, references to, in Lou-lan docs., 412.
See also Pathân traders, silk trade.
trade routes at Ak-su, 1298.
traffic, see trans-border traffic.
trans-border traffic, control of : (Limes)
679 sq., 693 sq., 756 ; (modern) 679 sq.
traps, see game traps.
Trapusa, merchant, named in MS. fr.,
1448.
tray, eating, 402.
trays, wooden (or frs.) : (Niya) 217, 222,
226 ; Lou-lan, 402 ; (Mîrân) 466,
479 sq. ; lacquered frs., (Mîrân) 480 ;
(Tun-huang) 769.
treasure-seekers, 91, 389, 391, 493, 512, &c.
tree-like meander, on fresco, 176.
trees : cutting of, indicates gradual aban-
donment of oases, 244 ; no trace of
cutting at Niya Site, ib. ; or near En-
dere fort, 280 ; bend of, marks pre-
vailing wind-direction, 643 ; lines of
dead trees mark old river-beds (see also
Toghrak), 1296 n. 1 ; trees near Su-
chou, 1127 n. 6 ; twigs and leaves from
Astâr-âgh, 1394 ; trees represented
on figured silk, 786 ; in frescoes, 173,
502, 519 sq., 540, 1215 ; in paintings,
1054, &c. ; on silver orn., 317 ; on
stucco relief fr., (?) 1211. See also
poplar, Terek, Toghrak.
trefoil arch, in temple ruin at Gumbat, 23.
trellis-work, see designs.
triangles, see designs.
trimurti figure, part of, stucco, 601, 789.
Tripolitan Limes, 729.
Triratna, symbol, on Stûpa, 494 ; in
paintings and drawings, 967, 1067 ; in
stucco, 1271 ; stucco relievo frs. repre-
senting adoration of, 1270 (?), 1273,
1281.
Trisûla mark, on painted panel, 196.
trivets, 223.
TROTTER, Colonel Sir Henry, on sub-
divisions of Wakhân, 65.
trough, wooden, 206.
trowel, wooden, spoon-shaped, 784.
true-lovers' knots, see designs.
truncheon, wooden, 191.
Ts'ai Lun, inventor of paper, 650, 672,
674, 677 ; used old linen rags, &c.,
650, 674.
Tsai-lam plateaus, 296, 476.
Tsao-mo temple, 1267 n. 11.
ts'ang (granary), term applied to Limes
stations, 716.
Ts'ang, king of Yen-ch'i, 413.
Ts'ao, family governing Tun-huang, 817,
838, 840, 1092.
Ts'ao Yen-lu, husband of Khotan prin-
cess, 933 n. 14, 1333, 1339.
tsao-shih, subordinate officer on Limes,
750 n. 44.
Ts'ao Tsung, governor of Tun-huang, 422.
Ts'ao Yüan-chung, donor's name on
woodcut, 838 n. 11, 893.
Ts'ê fu yüan kuei, encyclopaedia, on affairs
of Tokhâristân, 29 ; of Wakhân, 62.
Tsih-che, see Chieh-chih.
Tsung-tsui, see Ching-chüeh.
Tu-mo, 297 ; see Charchan.
Tso Tsung-tang, General, 380.
tsui-ma-ti-an, name of poisonous plant
growing near Su-chou, 1127 n. 7.
Ts'ung-ling : 'Onion or Snow mountains'
(Pâmîrs), 5 sq. ; Wu-k'ung in, 17, 64 ;
Kao Hsien-Chih at military post of,
63 ; in Wei liu, 418.
Tu fa shih, Chinese title in T'ang doc.,
1289.
Tu-hsiang River, identified with Tang
Ho, 623 n. 17.
Tu-hu ('Protector-General'), 1237.
Tu-huo-lo, see Tokhâristân.
Tu-huo-lo (Tukhâra) : Hsüan-tsang on
'old T. kingdom', 277, 281, 286-9 ;
Endere Site meant by him, 286 ;
Hsüan-tsang's use of name, 288 ; also
designation of Tokhâristân, 288, 289 ;
name applied to Hephthalites and
Yüeh-chih, 288. See also Tochari,
Tokhâristân.
fu-li, 'indigenous functionaries' on Limes,
648, 653, 668, 747, 752.
T'u-fo, see Tibetans.
T'u-shu chi-ch'êng, text, xxiii ; Yang kuan
in, 624.
T'u-in-fan, Pass, 1116.
tu-wei, 'military commandants' of Tun-

huang Limes sections, 745, 746, 750 ;
officers subordinate to, 746 sq.
T'u-yü-hun, the : their conquest of Char-
chan, 298 ; of Charkhlîk, 323.
Tuan-chan-Kou, incorrect form of Hao-
chan-Kou, q.v.
Tuga-dong, burial-mounds of, 92.
tugh, see dam, Domoko-ib.
tui, term denoting 'company' in Limes
docs., 747.
tui-chang, company commander, 747.
Tukhâra, see Tochari, Tu-huo-lo.
Tülkü-h-köl, lakelet, 212, 241, 245.
Tumashuk, village, 1308 ; ruined temples,
&c., near, 1309 ; effects of fire at, ib. ;
hills near, ib. ; route to Marâl-bâshi,
1309 sqq. ; List of objects found near,
1315 sq. ; Chinese coins from 'Tatis'
N. of, 1309, 1348, 1350.
tumuli, 609, 611, 619.
tun, term applied to P'ao-t'ais or watch-
towers, 728 n. 5, 1094 n. 3.
T'un-hu : section of T'unang Limes,
598 ; prob. adjoins Wan-sui, 599.
Tun-huang, Han border command, 725 ;
governor of, 745 ; tu-wei of, ib. ; in-
cluded Kua-chou, 1092 n. 11 ; border
commands from Liang-chou to Tun-
huang, 724 sq.
Tun-huang, oasis : Han name for T'ang
Sha-chou (q.v.), 578 ; historical records
of, 578, 580 ; known as Ming-sha hsien
under Later Chou dynasty, 620 ;
called Tun-tü under Wang Mang, 659,
746 n. 11 ; importance of, in Han and
in mod. times, 581 ; devastation by
Tungan rebels, 579 sq., 581, 587 sq.,
608 ; attacks on, by Hsiung-nu,
731 ; village forts of (fu-tzü or pao-
tzü), 587 ; soldiers from, 7, 730, 731
n. 49 ; Tibetan domination in T'ang
times, 799, 816 sqq., 838 sq. ; return
to Chinese allegiance (a.d. 850), 799,
816 sq., 838 ; and separation after
downfall of T'ang dynasty, 817 sq.,
838 ; Hsi-hsia rule at, 820 ; Chinese
civilization of, 839 ; influences from
Turkestân and Tibet, ib. ; influence of
Tun-huang monks among Tibetans,
817 ; historical connexion between T.
and Kua-chou, 1092 ; 'old town' said to
mark position of T'ang Sha-chou, 608.
ancient places of burial, 609 sq. ;
ancient embankment or agger, between
Tun-huang and Nan-hu, 610 sq.
Chinese letter from, found at Lou-
lan Site, 383 ; imperial edict estab-
lishing military agricultural colony, 647,
663, 740, 744 ; governor of, mentioned
in Chinese doc., 700 ; king and
governor named in doc. from Chien-
fo-tung, 892 ; MS. record of official cen-
sus (a.d. 416) from Ch'ien-fo-tung, 821,
917 sq. See also Limes, watch-towers.
explorations of 1914-15 mentioned,
549, 550, 551, 554, 557, 566, 569, 584
n. 16, 585 n. 17, 589 n. 7, 596 n. 5, 602,