国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

603, 606, 633 n. 2, 634, 635, 637 sqq.,
639 n. 17, 640, 643, 656 sq., 683, 692
and n. 14, 708, 720sq., 726 sq., 729 sq.,
734 sq.
population : character of Chinese
population, 579, 586 sq. ; of Tungan
nomads, 590 ; superstitious awe of
graves, 609 ; anthropometric records,
1352 sqq.
religion : Marco Polo on Buddhist
worship of, 797 ; tenacity of Buddhist
traditions at, ib. ; evidence of Ch'ien-
fo-tung MSS., 807 sq., 913 sqq. ; of
paintings, &c., 840 ; links between
Tun-huang and Khotan Buddhism,
815 sq. ; Buddhism during Tibetan
period, 816 sq. ; Buddhist monks of
Irânian origin and Turkish-speaking
Manichaeans at T., 819 ; Buddhist
monks familiar with Khotanese, 915.
routes : to Lop tract : the tāgh-yol
(or mountain route), 549, 618 ; the
chöl-yol ([Lop] desert route), 549 ;
historical accounts, 293, 311, 318,
320, 331, 333 sqq., 340, 417 sqq.,
553 sqq., 560 sqq., 618 ; present
route, 334 n. 4, 340, 407, 549 sqq., 554,
561 sq., 562 sq. ; old routes to the
'Western Countries' in Wei Shu,
417 sqq. ; importance of route down
Su-lo Ho basin, 579 sq. ; lines of ad-
vance into Central Asia, 580 sq. ; route
to Nan-lu, 610 sq. ; route from China
along N. foot of Nan-shan, 723 sq. ;
Tun-huang–Hâmi route, 584 n. 17,
602, 706, 1145 ; supposed routes to
W. of Hâmi route, 584 n. 17 ; mod.
route to An-hsi, 1089. See also 'route
of the centre', 'route of the north',
'route of the south'.
topography, &c. : geographical facts,
579 sq. ; physical conditions, 581 ;
irrigation facilities of the Tang Ho,
581 sq. ; extent of cultivable area,
582 sq. ; protection afforded by water-
less desert N. of Su-lo Ho, 584 sq. ; by
impassable high sands on S., 610 ;
reclamation of deserted fields, 587.
See also Ch'ien-fo-tung, Limes,
watch-towers.
Tun-huang Lü, treatise of late T'ang
period, on mirabilia of Tun-huang,
917 sq. ; on Shou-ch'ang hsien, 620 ;
on Yü-mên and T'ang barriers, 623 sq.,
734 ; on 'great magazine' (Ho-ts'ang),
716 ; on 'Great Wall', 734 ; legend of
'Erh-shih spring' in, 1089 ; on Huang-
ts'ao Lake, 1090.
Tun-tê : Wang Mang's name for Tun-
huang, 746, 746 n. 11 ; in Limes doc.,
ib.
Tung-pa-ts'ü, stream of, 1089 n. 2, 1090 n. 6.
T'ung pao yin-hsün, 'seal of the Tung
frontier-district', inscription on clay
sealing, 697, 697 n. 2.
T'ung Tien, etymology of name T'ang
kuan in, 624.

Tungans, Muhammadan Chinese : rebel-
lion of, destruction wrought by, in
Tun-huang district, 579, 580, 582,
587 sq., 606 ; at Nan-lu, 614 ; at
Shui-i, 626 ; in Kua-chou oasis, 1091 ;
in Ch'iao-tzŭ, 1100 ; near Chin-fa,
1136 ; at Wan-shan-tzŭ, 1139 ; attacks
by, on Hâmi, 1155 ; damage by, at
Ch'ien-fo-tung, 796 ; T. nomad guide
supplies information about 'old Han
road', 590 sq. ; colonies of, in Kara-
shahr, 1179. See also abandonment of
settlements.
Tur-agil, side-valley, 88.
turban : in fresco fr., 545 sq. ; on pot-
tery, 115 ; in seal impression, 260 ; in
1002 relievo, 1602.
Turdi, old Khotan guide, 130, 134, 1241.
Turfân (Chü-shih, Ku-shih, Kao-ch'ang) :
Li Tao-yüan on, 326 ; in Former
Han Annals, 333 ; in Later Han
Annals, 329, 337 n. 14, 1149 ; in Ssŭ-
ma Ch'ien's history, 338, 340 ; Kao-
ch'ang, in Lou-lan doc., 412 n. 20 ;
identity of Chü-shih and Ku-shih, 336 ;
called An-hsi, 1091 n. 9 ; Pan Yung's
operations at, 332 sq., 417 ; Chinese
attack on, 340 ; Ch'ên Chi's opera-
tions against, 1237.
routes to, in Former Han Annals, 334,
337 ; mod. direct route to Guchen,
706 n. 6 ; routes from Shona-nor, now
impracticable, 707 ; route from Hâmi,
1154 n. 7 ; to Kara-shahr, in T'ang
Annals, 1177 ; to Lop region, ib. ; from
Yü-mên, see s.v.
Turkish-speaking Manichaeans at,
819, 922.
Turfân basin : surveys of, in 1907 and
1914-15, 1159 ; W.-E. prevailing
direction of winds in, 1161 ; change in
irrigation methods in, 1160 ; evidence
of desiccation in, ib. ; population and
water-supply of, 1160 ; anthropometric
records, 1352 sqq. ; use of vaulting in,
due to scarcity of timber, 1161.
sites of : their importance, 1159 ;
visits to, 1167.
Turk-khô, valley, 43.
Turkestân : architectural ornament and
ornamental wood-carving in, 49 ; in-
fluence of art of, on Ch'ien-fo-tung
paintings, &c., 839.
Turki language, of Kighiz, 335 n. 9.
Turki Muhammadans in Kara-shahr,
1179.
Turkish language, reference to, in Uigur
MSS., 6, 925.
Turkish MSS. : (Mirân) 461, 471 sqq.,
484 ; (Ch'ien-fo-tung) 818 sq., 828 sq.,
921 sqq., 924 sq. ; ('Ming-oi') 1218,
1221 ; Manichaean script, 819, 922,
925 ; prob. Manichaean origin of
divination book in 'Runic' script, 921 ;
'Runic' script, 461, 471 sqq., 484,
819, 921 sq., 923 sqq., 1198(?), 1221 (?);
Uigur script, 818, 828 sq., 923, 925 ;

1573

quality of paper used, (Ch'ien-fo-tung)
818, 921, 924 sq.
'Turkish' race, description of type, 1361.
Turkish-speaking tribe at N. foot of Nan-
shan, 1129.
turned woodwork : (Khâdalik) 186 sq.,
194, 196 ; (Niya) 221, 226, 252 ;
(Lou-lan) 378, 396, 441, 443 ; (Limes)
779 ; ('Ming-oi') 1201, 1222 ; (Khôra)
1228 sq. ; (Farkhâl-Beg-yailak) 1260.
turquoise : mentioned in Tibetan docs.,
1465 ; fr. from Nan-lu, 630. See
also beads, discs, matrix.
Tursak, Gumbatai ruins near, identified,
13, 16.
Tursun Bai, Charkhlik land-holder, 312
n. 1.
Tushkan-daryâ : 'river of Hu-lu' of
T'ang Annals, 1299 ; volume of water
in, ib. ; called Tushkhan-daryâ in
maps, &c., 1299 n. 18.
twig pattern, see designs.
twigs, frs. amongst finds, 191, 767, 790.
See also brushwood.
'twill weave', technique of, 897 ; varia-
tions of pattern in, 898.
Tzŭ-chih-T'ung-chien : on Emperor Hsüan-
tsung, 20 ; on Jagu of Tokhâristân, 30.
Tz'ü-chou stoneware, 1106 sq., 1135.
Tzŭ-ho, territory, in T'ang and Han
Annals, 85 sq. ; producing jade, 90.
See also Chü-chü-po, Hsi-yeh.

U.M. = Uïghi-mazâr, q.v.
Uch, locality, 4.
Uch-Turfân : 'kingdom' of Wên-su in
Ch'ien Han shu, 1297 ; population of,
1300 ; relation under Ch'ien-lung, ib.
Uch-Turfân, town of : Wên-su of Han
Annals and Wei Shu, 1300 ; Tü-shih
ch'êng, Wên-su, and Yü-chu, of T'ang
Annals, 1299 sq. ; a natural stronghold,
1300.
routes and distances : distance from
Ak-su, 1297 ; T'ang itinerary from
Ak-su, 1299 ; distance to Akche (Wei-
lou), 1301 ; route to Kelpin, 1302, 1304.
Uchust, village, remains at, 36.
Udabhânda, see Und.
Udanavarga, Skr. MS. fr. of, 1454.
Udayana, King of Kauśâmbî, 880 n. 19.
Udyâna (Wu-chang-na, Wu-ch'ang, Wu-
ch'an) : Skr. name of Swât territory, 2 ;
recte Uddiyâna, xxii ; Indo-Scythian
rule in, 5 ; Buddhist monasteries in, 8 ;
Fa-hsien on, 5 sqq., 8 sqq. ; Hsüan-
tsang on, 6 sqq., 8, 14 sqq., 20 ; Sung
Yün in, 9 sqq. ; his account of Wu-
ch'ang, 12 ; Hui-shêng in, 9 sqq. ;
Chinese records of T'ang times, 14 sqq. ;
Wu-lung in, 17 sqq., 19 sq. ; Wu-Rü
or Wu-ch'ang of T'ang Annals, 20 ;
general description of, ib. ; relations
with Gandhâra, ib. ; people of, 14,
20.
Uigur : script, evolved from Sogdian
script, 675.