National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

ALPHABET USED FOR TRANSCRIPTION.

a (ā ă a a); ä; b (bh); ch (chh); d (dh); e (e ē ĕ); f; g (gh); h; i (i ī); j (jh); k (kh), kh; l (lh); m; n; o (ō ŏ), ö; p (ph); r (rh); s; sh; t (th); u (ū ŭ), ü; v; y; z.

RULES OF PRONUNCIATION.

The system of the transcription adopted is fully explained in Vol. I., pp. 66—70, and
in the present Vol., pp. 139—60.

Vowels. Consonants.

1. a, e, i, o, u, as in German and Italian. 1. b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, are pronounced
2. ä, ö, ü, as in German. as in German and English [the variations
3. Diphthongs give the sound of the two component occurring in the pronunciation of g, and h (in
vowels combined. Diaeresis is marked by the English) excepted].
accent falling on the second of the two vowels. 2. h, after a consonant is an audible aspiration,
4. - above the vowel makes the vowel long. except in ch, sh, and kh.
In general we considered it unnecessary to add 3. ch, as in English (church).
this sign when the accent coincided with it, and 4. sh, as in English (shade).
the omission would not influence the correctness 5. kh, as ch in German (hoch).
of the pronunciation. 6. j, as in English (just).
Short vowels are not separately distinguished. 7. v, as the w in German (Wasser), being different
5. ˘ above a and e (ă, ĕ) is a sign of imperfect from v in very, and w in water.
phonetic formation, similar to the open u in but, 8. y, as y in the English word yes, or j in the
and e in herd. German ja.
6. - below a indicates the deep sound, like a in 9. z, soft, as in English.
wall.
7. ˜ above a and o indicates a nasal sound, like Accents.
a and o in the French words gant and son; ′ marks the syllable on which the accent falls,
also ĕ, ī, and ū had to be introduced for whether the syllable be long or short.
marking the nasal sound of e, i, and u; in the
nasal diphthongs añ and añ, we make the sign Alphabetical Registers.
over one only, though both sounds have the In our alphabetical registers the letters follow
nasal sound. the order of the alphabet, irrespective of the signs
attached to them.

GENERAL REMARKS.

All the latitudes are North; the longitudes are All the heights, given in English feet, are ab-
East, and are reckoned from the meridian of Green. solute, referring to the level of the sea.
Adopted longitude of the Madras Observatory: The sign △ before a name indicates an un-
80° 13′ 56″ East Green.—The miles are English. inhabited place, or a pasture ground.