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| 0186 |
Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia : vol.3 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
In the following details I add a few remarks also about such consonants as are
only found in my spelling with native letters, without being introduced into our
transcription.
"b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t," are pronounced as in German and English
(the variations occurring in the pronunciation of "g" and "h" in English excepted).
"ch" sounds as in English (church); in a detailed alphabet also "chh" must be
introduced, but in most cases the combination is not distinguishable in the ordinary
pronunciation. "d" and "dh" as cerebrals, which might, when written, be distinguished
by a dot under the "d," have a sound which audibly differs from "d" and "dh" when
the tongue is placed against the central part of the palate.
The cerebral "d" often becomes "r" in Hindostáni, as in Ajmír, Gárh, from the
Sanskrit words Ajmidha and Gádha.—The harsh Arabic "g" is a mere guttural modi-
fication of the sound "g," and is found nearly always combined with an aspirate, thus
presenting itself generally as "gh."
"h" is an audible aspirate except in ch, sh, kh. The Tibetan soft aspiration I
transcribe by the spiritus lenis.
The aspiration of the consonants we have marked wherever we found it audibly
pronounced as such. In those few cases where we discovered the natives had gradually
ceased to use it in speaking, we also discontinued it. As an instance may be mentioned
the aspirated "Ts" in the Tibetan word "Tso" (lake), properly "Tsho;" "chh" is also
an instance of a similar combination.
The fricative "h," which was introduced into Hindostáni from the Arabic, and re-
mains limited to Arabic words, is only marked by the respective native letter.¹
"j," as in English (just).
"kh," as "ch" in German (hoch). It is frequently met with in Hindostáni words
derived from the Arabic, but its pronunciation as the Greek "χ" (and German "ch")
has generally disappeared in India, and "k" is substituted. In Turkish words and in
several of the native Indian languages the sound is still preserved. The guttural "k"
is only used in our words spelt with native letters.
"lh" is met with only in Tibetan; it is also frequently written "hl" by Tibetan
scholars.
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