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Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia : vol.3 |
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employing a peculiar sort of italic letter. Some of the prefixes are actually pronounced
when the preceding syllable ends with a vowel; in such cases I have introduced them
in the column of the ordinary transcription without any difference in the type.¹
In several Tibetan words I found a marked discrepancy between the pronunciation
and the native mode of writing, and this as regards the consonants no less than the
vowels. When referring for such words to Csoma's dictionary and more especially to that
of I. J. Schmidt, a few immaterial differences were all that were perceptible between their
spelling and that we had received from the Lámas. The most frequent difference be-
tween sound and spelling was the dropping or modification of consonants, not quite
arbitrary but chiefly limited to the grammatical rules. Consonants not pronounced are
left out in the phonetic transcription, and are printed in italics in the transliteration.
Exceptionally, viz. in names much used by foreigners, letters otherwise silent in
Tibetan, are also pronounced. I quote as instances: Spíti, for Pit, or Spit; Iskárdo
for Kárdo, or skárdo; also for Gnári Khórsum, a form which we often heard, the
proper pronunciation would be Ngári Khórsum.
Duplication, composition, and substitution.
The duplication of a consonant is sometimes more difficult to decide upon than
appears at first sight. Double consonants are often used on Anglo-Indian maps, merely
to indicate that the preceding vowel should be short (in conformity with their occasional
use in Europe,² where in many languages a reduplication is never pronounced strictly
as such). I have limited reduplication to the cases where it corresponds with the
pronunciation.³ Sometimes, but rarely, the native spelling differs from the pronuncia-
tion, showing a tendency to pronounce as double a consonant which has not the
mark of duplication in Hindostáni.
Compound consonants we used, as a general rule, only for such letters as are
composed of the respective two consonants in succession, as: "ks" for "x," "ts" for
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