国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ
|
|
Explorations in Turkestan : Expedition of 1904 : 2冊 |
トルキスタンの調査 1904年 : 2冊 |
Table of Contents
- 目次ページ画像
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- FIRST VOLUME
- PART I. ANCIENT ANAU AND THE OASIS-WORLD. R. PUMPELLY
- CHAPTER I. EVOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF CENTRAL-ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS 3
- Undrained Central Asia: The beginning of Central Asia 3
- A series of great and small landlocked basins containing residuary seas; these seas are gages recording cyclical climatic changes. General trend toward aridity. 5
- Influence of Glacial period. Several phases of the Glacial period recorded in the high mountains 6
- Undrained Asia contrasted with oceanic basins; river-brought detritus graded anddistributed by wind instead of water; loess 6
- Characteristics of loess as an inexhaustible soil; its influence on history of China and of Europe 7
- Richthofen's theory of origin of loess confirmed; all loess brought by wind 9
- Expeditions of 1903 and 1904 show two sources from which wind derives the dust, viz, 1st, directly from products of deflation and of disintegration; 2d, from alluvions or dry deltas and dry flood-plains 9
- Our confirmatory observations on the Pamirs 10
- Bird's-eye view of organic processes in undrained Asia 10
- CHAPTER II. THE FORMING OF THE OASIS OF ANAU 15
- The Kurgans and Ruined City of Anau, Sites of Successive Ancient Civilizations 15
- They consist of slowly accumulated layers of the debris of occupation (culture-strata); their bottoms stand 20 feet below the surface of the oasis-plain 17
- Exploration shafts 19
- These give determination of relative rates of growth of alluvial sediments and culture-strata, 20-21; and of alternating growth and degradation of the alluvial sediments 21
- Deformation of the kurgans by wind and water through long time. Three distinct growths of alluvial strata with two intermediate degradations, since founding of oldest kurgan 21
- Shifting of watercourses on delta-oasis 24
- Great height attained by city-mounds 25
- Agencies active in growth and degradation of oasis-delta 26
- Reciprocal sinking of plain and rising of mountains 26
- Block-uplifts shown in the mountains and sinking of plains shown in artesian well at Askhabad 27
- Unloading on mountains; loading on delta; zonal distribution of sediments on delta 27
- The battle between desert and oasis 27
- Dunes and oasis 28
- Surface conditions continue in depth, the delta alluvions dove-tailing with surrounding dune-sands 29
- Balancing of essential factors in delta-oasis building 29
- Interpretation of observations in shafts 30
- Aggrading and degrading due to climatic changes 30
- Evidence of the Askhabad artesian well 31
- Table showing physiographic history of the Anau delta-oasis 32
- Irrigation. 12 to 15 feet of irrigation sediments 33
- Those now in place not older than city of Anau 33
- Irrigation now essential generally throughout the lowlands of Turkestan 34
- Its introduction reversed the order of delta-building processes 34
- Rate of growth of irrigation sediments 35
- CHAPTER III. THE SUCCESIVE CULTURES AT ANAU 37
- Diagram of cultures 37
- Culture I (●neolithic), North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics 38
- Area of the site 38
- A settlement of houses of unburnt bricks from the beginning, with hand-made painted pottery, and the art of spinning 38
- Cultivators of wheat and barley 39
- Children buried in "contracted position" under house-floors 39
- Some knowledge of lead and of copper without tin 40
- Duerst's discovery that domestication od animals began in this culture perido-ox, horse, pig, and two sucdessive breeds of sheep 41
- Culture II, North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics 42
- This people related to those of Culture I 43
- More knowledge of copper; no tin; more highly developed hand-made pottery and ornament, and lapis lazuli; they bring shepherd's dog, goat, and camel; sheep become hornless. Period ends in time of aridity 43
- Culture III (Copper), South Kurgan 43
- Negative and positive characteristics 43
- Begins with founding of South Kurgan during favorable stage of climatic sysle 44
- Fully developed Copper Age of Central Asia. Pttery wheel-made and rarely painted 44
- Tin rare and in small percentages, unintentionally present in a few objects of copper, absent in cutting implements 44
- Localities of tin ores and copper ores in Central Asia 44
- General presence of arsenic and antimony in the copper 44
- Intentional alloying with lead 44
- Evidences of intercourse with Western Asiatic spheres of culture 44
- Arrow-point of Armenian obsidian; winged and bird-headed lion-griffin; the copper sickle 45
- The flint-edged sickles of early Egypt 46
- Persistence of traditional forms of implements; figurines of Ishtar type 46
- Derivatives of the Ishtar cult in Asia 47
- Intercourse during this period with Susa probable 48
- Culture III ends apparentle with a conflagration and near arid extreme of climate 49
- After this the South Kurgan was long unoccupied 49
- CultureIV (Iron), South Kurgan 49
- Overlies Culture III, with 8 feet of intervening debeis of wastage-"mixed layers" Iron age, sickles with rivet-holes; three-edged copper arrow-point 49
- This culture founded during climatic reaction from aridity 50
- Scythic invasion of Persia 50
- Artificial irrigation necessary 50
- Chronology 50
- Method of determining stratigraphis record 50
- Factors required for conberting stratigraphic record into a time scale 50
- Geographical and archeological factors used in determining the stratigraphic equivalence of the intervals between the cultures 51
- Equivalence in feet of culture-strata of the interval between end of Iron Culture (IV) and founding of modern cith of Anau 52
- Interval between Copper III and Iron Culture IV 52
- Evidence of its long continuance 52
- Geological estimation of duration of this interval 52
- Use of archeological data in estimating it 53
- Absence of tin bronze 53
- End of Copper Culture probably not later than 2200 B.C. 53
- No data for estimating interval between Culture II (North Kurgan) and Culture III (South Kurgan) 54
- Conbersion of stratigraphic column into a time scale 54
- Glazed pottery appears first with Sassanian coins at ancient Merv 54
- Rate of growth of culture-strata since introduction of flazed pottery 54
- Rate of growth since building of mosque at Anau 54
- Rate of growth before building of mosqueCONTENTS. 54
- CHAPTER III. THE SUCCESSIVE CULTURES AT ANAU.—Continued. 55
- Chronology.—Continued. 55
- Average of these rates in city of Anau 2.5 feet per century 55
- Culture-strata of the kurgans much more compacted and rate cf growth taken at 2 feet per century 55
- Results of author's study of rates of growth of village mounds at Egyptian temples show in the six cases studied rates ranging from 1.35 to 1.9 feet, an average of 1.66 feet per century 55
- Estimated dating of the different cultures at Anau 57
- Cycles 57
- Cyclical character of the aggradings and cuttings-down 57
- Reasons for ascribing them to climatic changes rather than to orogenic movements 57
- Geological evidence from Ghiaur Kala confirmatory of historical evidence 58
- Parallelism with rise and decay of civilizations and with biological changes 58
- Cycles of 3,000 to 4,000 years 59
- The graphic representation on plate 5 59
- Relation of cycles to the successive civilizations of the North and South Kurgans 60
- Relation of cycles to Anau city 61
- The 2,200-foot Askhabad well possibly a time scale in glacial geology 62
- CHAPTER IV. HYPOTHESIS OF THE OASIS-WORLD 63
- The two earliest civilizations, I and II, distinguished by complete absence of axes, spearpoints, and arrow-heads 63
- This indicates absolute isolation from Europe and Africa since a time earlier than the invention of these implements 63
- Therefore Anau Cultures I and II wholly native to the region of inner-continental isolation 63
- This isolation must date from one of the stages of the Glacial period 63
- The post-glacial progressive trend towards aridity caused segregation of peoples, first into larger groups and later into smaller ones on isolated oases or in high mountain valleys, causing differentiation in evolution of social organization and culture 64
- The earliest culture at Anau presupposes a long-continued previous evolution 64
- Cultures I and II show inheritance from a still earlier stage common to both, knowing town life and cultivation of wheat and barley 64
- People of Culture III (South Kurgan) were related to those of I and II, but they show, in stone arrow-points and objects of foreign cults, influence of cultures from without the sphere of isolation 65
- No evidence of Mediterranean influence 65
- Evidence of a regionally widespread autochthonous culture-evolution 65
- The gradual shrinkage of habitable areas and disappearance of herds of wild animals; mankind concentrated on oases necessarily begins the evolution of agriculture 65
- Growing need leads to beginning of irrigation, to broader development of agriculture and conquest of arid regions, rendering possible the centralized, imperial civilizations of Elam and Babylonia 66
- The fundamental essentials of civilization that were native to the sphere of isolation were agriculture, domestication of animals, use of copper and lead, the arts of spinning and of painting on pottery 66
- The intervention of the Glacial period and its reaction on inner-continental conditions were the initial, conditioning factors in the evolution of the intellectual and social life of man 66
- CHAPTER V. THE MIGRATIONS 67
- Since cultivation of cereals began long before 8000 B. C. (before founding of North Kurgan), and since domestication of animals was accomplished successively between 8000 and 6800 B. C,. that is, after the founding of North Kurgan, it follows
- I, that the agricultural stage preceded the nomadic shepherd stage in Asia 67
- II, that before domestication of animals, mankind in Central Asia was sharply divided into settled agriculturists on oases, and hunters wandering within a limited range 67
- CHAPTER V. THE MIGRATIONS.—Continued. 67
- Climatic deterioration caused unrest and migrations of agriculturists, but caused nomadic shepherds merely to expand over the semi-arid regions 67
- This expansion of nomads covered all Inner Asia by the III millennium B. C.. 67
- Duerst's identification of the second breed of sheep and the domestic pig of Anau I with the domesticated sheep and pig of late neolithic stations in Europe indicates Transcaspia as ultimate source of these domestic animals 67
- They appear in Europe contemporaneously with immigrants of round-headed Asiatic (Galcha) type, and with introduction of wheat and barley 68
- These early immigrants brought no other oasis industries, except perhaps spinning, nor metals, but adopted European neolithic culture 68
- Professor Sergi finds all skulls of first two cultures at Anau to be dolichocephalic or mesocephalic, with total absence of the round-headed element 68
- It is, therefore, a fair hypothesis that the chain of transmission of animals and cereals and spinning included round-headed Asiatic nomadic shepherds 69
- Extent of the sphere of isolation and of the barriers 70
- Organized town life with agriculture and breeding of animals first appears among a long-headed people and apparently originated by these 71
- Since the II Culture at Anau was started during the trend toward the arid extreme of the cycle and introduced lapis lazuli and the camel, it is probable that this migration cane from the East; and the presence in Asia Minor of bones of the turbary sheep makes it possible that migrations of the oasis peoples extended as far as the Mediterranean 71
- This migration began about 6000 B. C. 71
- The great migrations were probably checked by the favorable climatic period down to the III millennium B. C. 71
- Hypothesis that peoples of the hunting stage received the art of breeding and of planting from the oasis stock during the VI millennium B. C.; that they expanded during the favorable climate of the V and IV millenniums, and that the renewed trend towards aridity in the IV and III millenniums saw the beginnings of the great waves of westward migrations 72
- The migrations of the nomadic stocks were chiefly over Eurasian steppes and north of the Black Sea; those of the oasis stock along routes through Mesopotamia and Asia Minor 72
- Relation of Anau Cultures I and II to early Babylonia and Susiana 72
- Duerst identifies breed of longhorned cattle established at Anau with that brought to Babylonia before time of Sargon of Accad—in IV millennium B. C. or earlier—in the pre-Semitic Sumerian time 72
- The Babylonian symbol for the domestic ox ● belongs in the pre-transitional, pictographic form of writing, which was used before the introduction of writing into Babylonia 72
- Since agriculture preceded domestication and breeding, it is probable that the origins of these fundamental elements antedated the Chaldean and Babylonian civilizations 72
- De Morgan's excavations at various points in Susiana found, in pre-Sargonic strata, no traces of stone arrow or spear-points, but abundance of sickle-flints and of painted pottery 73
- Hence the sphere of isolation included Chaldea 74
- Hence also a genetic relationship of the cultures of Anau I and II and pre-Semitic Chaldea 74
- Their origin and evolution was within the sphere of isolation that began in the Glacial period 74
- Evidence to show that these cultures were evolved east of Mesopotamia and on or near the Iranian tableland 75
- The evolution of agriculture on the oases necessarily preceded the controlling of the Euphrates, the accomplishment of which may have been contemporaneous with the earlier stages of the North Kurgan Copper Culture of Anau III 75
- LIST OP WORKS CONSULTED IN PREPARING PART I 76
- PART II. THE ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN ANAU AND OLD MERV. HUBERT SCHMIDT
- CHAPTER VI. THE ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU 83
- Excavations at North Kurgan 83
- Preliminary examination 83
- Method and arrangement of work 84
- The work and finds at the separate localities on North Kurgan 87
- Terrace I 87
- Walls and rooms; pivotal door-stones; bake-ovens; fireplaces 88
- Skeletons of children buried in "contracted position" and burial gifts; lapis lazuli 89
- Early recognition of stratigraphic distinctions in pottery, varieties of gray and red monochrome above (group x) and coarse and fine painted (group y) below 89
- Terraces IV and V 91
- Stratigraphic succession in Terraces IV and V 93
- Determined by the stratigraphic distribution of skeletons and pottery 93
- Painted pottery in the upper strata (group z) 94
- Polychrome pottery in upper strata (group v) 95
- Determination of a change from an older to a younger different culture at 25 feet above the plain, the older one characterized by pottery group y, the younger by groups x, z, v 95
- Terrace II 95
- Copper in the older culture 97
- Terrace III 98
- Terrace VI 99
- Terrace VII 100
- West Digging 100
- North Digging: Culture-strata down to 24.5 feet below level of plain: skeleton in "contracted position" at — 11 feet; painted pottery of group y extends to bottom strata, but in depth associated with a distinct painted variety (group m) 101
- South Shaft 101
- West Shaft: shows wide extent of strata of the older culture with pottery of group y 101
- Komorof's Trench: East and West Galleries; East and West Pits 102
- Definite proof that the people of the older culture also buried children within their dwellings 103
- Other finds; character of culture; relative chronology 103
- The excavations at the South Kurgan 104
- General summary and method 104
- Two successive cultures evident 105
- Excavations and finds at different localities 106
- Upper Digging 106
- Five feet of upper culture-strata 106
- Wheel-made pottery of upper culture (group 1) and iron knife 106
- Superior hand-made pottery (group 2) in mixed strata below upper culture 108
- Below 37 feet 7 inches above level of plain only wheel-made pottery of red, gray and whitish-green varieties (groups 3-5) characterizes the older culture of South Kurgan 108
- Copper dagger 108
- Razor and dagger of copper 109
- Terrace A belongs in mixed talus debris 110
- Copper three-edged arrow-point and iron sickle 110
- Outer Digging. The two cultures and the intermediate "mixed" zone represented 110
- Terrace B 112
- Children buried in houses 112
- Three-faced seal showing man, lion, and griffin; pivotal door-stones 112
- Clay chest 113,114
- Stratigraphic discussion 115,116
- CHAPTER VI. THE ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU.—Continued 116
- The excavations at the South Kurgan.—Continued. 116
- Excavations and finds at different localities—Terrace B.—Continued. 116
- Dagger of copper 116
- 25 objects of copper in Terrace B 118
- Beads; turquoise; vessels of marble and alabaster; human and animal figures of clay 118
- Terrace C 118
- A hearth-construction 119
- 8 objects of copper; beads of agate, turquoise, etc.; stone vessels 120
- The Shafts 120
- CHAPTER VII. RESULTS 121
- Results in North Kurgan. Two successive civilizations 121
- Upper Culture II, above 25 feet above the plain; houses of air-dried bricks; bottomless "bake-oven" pots; burial of children in contracted position in houses; red and gray monochrome pottery (group x); painted pottery (groups z and v) 121
- Lower Culture I, below 25 feet above the plain; house walls observed down to 18 feet below surface of plain (fireplaces down to —28 feet—R. P.) ; walls, pithoi,and skeleton graves at all levels 121
- Results in South Kurgan. It also had two great culture-epochs 122
- The Younger Culture represented on the top and on low extension; characterized by pottery (groups 1 and 2), by iron implements (knife and sickle), and by younger copper forms (three-edged arrow-point) 122
- The Lower Culture III has its top between 38 and 41 feet above the plain. The people of this culture also buried children in a contracted position in their houses 122
- Stratigraphic analysis of upper 12 feet of this culture:
- Their pottery belonged to groups 3 to 5. 122
- Culture III a third copper epoch 123
- Origin and mode of growth of the two kurgans 123
- Objections met 123
- Analytical description of the finds from North and South Kurgans 124
- Pottery of North Kurgan 124
- Pottery from the middle strata, Culture I 124
- The smaller vessels of fine technique (group a) 124
- Large and small vessels of coarse technique (group b) 126
- Decoration of both groups a and b 127
- Pottery from the lower strata of Culture I 129
- Thin painted cups of the lower strata (group c) 130
- Pottery from the upper strata, Culture II 132
- Technique and forms 133
- Ornamentation 134
- The younger painted pottery of Culture II 135
- Pottery of South Kurgan 137
- Pottery from the middle strata, Culture III 137
- Pottery of light-colored clay 138
- Gray monochrome ware 140
- Red monochrome ware 141
- Coarse ware 142
- Ornamentation 142
- Incised ornament 142
- Painting 143
- Pottery from the lower strata of Culture III 143
- Pottery of light-colored clay 143
- Gray ware 144
- Painted vessels 145
- Incised ornamentation 145
- CHAPTER VII. RESULTS.—Continued 145
- Analytical description of the finds from North and South Kurgans.—Continued. 145
- Pottery of South Kurgan.—Continued. 145
- Pottery from the upper strata, Culture IV 145
- Wheel-made pottery 146
- Hand-made pottery 149
- The minor antiquities of metal, bone, clay, stone, and faience of both kurgans 149
- Copper ornaments from middle and lower strata of North Kurgan, Culture I 150
- Copper objects from upper strata of North Kurgan, Culture II 151
- Copper ornaments and implements from lower and middle strata of South Kurgan, Culture III 151
- Copper from upper strata of South Kurgan, Culture IV 155
- Lead from North Kurgan 157
- Ornaments of stone, clay, and faience (beads, etc.) :
- From lower and middle strata of North Kurgan, Culture I 157
- From upper strata of North Kurgan, Culture II 158
- From middle and lower strata of South Kurgan, Culture III 159,160
- From upper strata of South Kurgan, Culture IV 160
- Of uncertain position in South Kurgan 162
- Useful objects of stone, clay, and bone from Cultures I and II, North Kurgan (whorls, flints, mace-heads, etc.) 163
- From Culture III, South Kurgan (whorls, flints, arrow-heads, mace-heads, sling-stones, seals, and stamps, vessels of marble and alabaster) 166
- From Culture IV, South Kurgan (whorls, etc.) 170
- Images of terra-cotta, Culture III 171
- Fragments of glazed pottery in South Kurgan 173
- CHAPTER VIII. RESULTS 175
- Comparative summary of the four cultures 175
- CHAPTER IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 179
- Decoration of Anau pottery wholly different from old European systems 179
- The only possible comparison would be with that of lowest strata at Susa 179
- Painting of pottery an essential characteristic of oldest cultures of Turkestan and Persia, which were probably not far different in age 179
- Comparison of Anau with ancient Europe in regard to elements of culture and social peculiarities 179
- Burial in contracted position in Europe, Africa, and Palestine 180
- Obsidian arrow-point in Culture III probably from the Caucasus 181
- Analogies in the ornamental copper pins 181
- The sickle in Culture III has analogous forms only in VI city of Troja 182
- A knife-blade in Culture III resembles one in Altai-Ural bronze age 182
- Insufficiency of the established equations for chronological determinations 182
- The seal with a man, a lion, and a griffin clearly from Western Asia 182
- The three-edged copper arrow-point of Culture IV 183
- Its analogies in Europe, Asia, and Egypt 183
- Culture IV approximately between 1000 and 500 B. C. 186
- Culture III ended by 1000 B. C. 186
- Its brilliant period corresponds with flourishing period of Mycenean culture or earlier 186
- Its beginning as yet undatable 186
- The cultures of North Kurgan still older 186
- Beginning of Culture I in III millennium B. C. 186
- Footnote by R. P. on the Chronology of Anau 186
- CHAPTER X. THE EXCAVATIONS IN GHIAUR KALA (OLD MERV) 187
- General summary, description of site 187
- Upper Digging, on the Citadel 188
- Lower Digging and Outer Digging I 192
- Outer Digging II and Galleries I to III 193
- CHAPTER X. THE EXCAVATIONS IN GHIAUR KALA (OLD MERV). Continued 194
- Special Finds 194
- Pottery 194
- Glazed pottery 195
- Painted ware 196
- Coins 196
- The observed culture of Ghiaur Kala was Sassanide 197
- Inscriptions in Uigur and Pehlevi 197
- Metal objects: gold, bronze, iron 198
- Beads of stone, clay, glass, and faience 199
- Terra-cotta figures 200
- Stone vessels 200
- Sling implements 200
- Miscellaneous 201
- CATALOGUE OF SPECIAL FINDS 202
- Special finds from North Kurgan 202
- From South Kurgan 204
- From Ghiaur Kala (Old Merv) 208
- CHAPTER XI. NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF GLAZED WARE AT AFROSIAB AND THE LARGE JARS AT GHIAUR KOLA. HOMER H. KIDDER 213
- Depth of gazed ware in Ancient Samarkand 213
- Great jars in Ghiaur Kala 214
- PART III. DESCRIPTION OP THE KURGANS OF THE MERV OASIS. ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON
- CHAPTER XII. A RECONNAISSANCE OF THE KURGANS OP THE MERV OASIS 219
- General character and classification 219
- Kurgans of the primitive type 222
- Kurgans of the transitional type 223
- Kurgans of the highly developed type 224
- Structure, purposes, and age 224
- Distribution of ancient populations of the Mery Oasis 228
- PART IV. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OP METALLIC IMPLEMENTS. F. A. GOOCH
- CHAPTER XIII. THE ANALYSIS OP THE METALLIC IMPLEMENTS AND PRODUCTS OF CORROSION 235
- The analytical procedure 235
- Table of analyses 238
- SECOND VOLUME
- PART V. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. R. WELLES PUMPELLY
- CHAPTER XIV. DESERTS 243
- The desert basin as an organic whole 243
- The essential characters of a desert basin 243
- The three agencies of erosion and transportation, ice, water, and wind; and the five deposition zones, glacial, alluvial, lacustrian, flying sands, and loess arising therefrom 244
- The interlapping of deposition zones effected by climatic oscillations 247
- The cyclical development of an ideal desert basin 247
- The Northern Pamir 251
- Great features of the Pamir 251
- The basin of Great Kara Kul 251
- Tentative reconstruction of Quaternary sequence of events 259
- The Alai Valley as a basin 259
- A distinct type of valley 259
- Glaciology and evidences of mountain movement 261
- A tentative reconstruction of events in the Alai Valley 264
- Karategin and Hissar 265
- Karategin as shaped by the Kizil Su 265
- Great features of the Hissar Valley 270
- Tentative reconstruction of erosion cycles in Karategin and Hissar 274
- The Zerafshan Valley 275
- The Zerafshan as a longitudinal valley 276
- Section of erosion cycles 277
- First erosion cycle 277
- Second erosion cycle 277
- Third erosion cycle 278
- Fourth erosion cycle 279
- The Tarim Basin 282
- Evidences of peripheral uplifts 282
- The uptilted piedmonts of northwestern Tarim as a key to the past 283
- Evidence of recent change to extra dry 286
- Tentative reconstruction of the past in Tarim 286
- The Fergana Basin 287
- Its broad outlines 287
- Alai erosion cycles based on the Taldic profile 287
- Uplift of the Tian Shan 287
- Marginal deformations of the plains 289
- Present oscillation in the deposition zones 290
- Reconstruction of past events of the Fergana Basin 290
- The Aralo-Caspian Basin 291
- Complications and functional peculiarities arising from shape and size 291
- The lacustrian zone (Aralo-Caspian Sea expansions) 292
- Recent developments in the alluvial and the flying-sands zones 294
- Recent changes in the course of the Oxus 295
- Tentative reconstruction of the past in the Aralo-Caspian Basin 298
- CHAPTER XV. OASES 299
- The oasis as a geological problem 299
- Man as a geologic factor of excavation, transportation and deposition, and a director of alluvial depositions 299
- Physiographic classification of oases 301
- I. Delta oases 301
- (a) Of rivers 301
- (b) Of small streams 301
- II. River-bank and flood-plain oases 302
- III. High-valley oases 302
- IV. Spring and well oases 302
- V. Lake-shore oases 302
- Relations between erosion and burial in the obliteration of kurgans (oasis culture deposits) 303
- The ancient Alai Valley route from Bactra to Kashgar 307
- Objective criteria of ancient long-used routes 307
- The three controlling factors of trade routes 307
- Advantages of the Alai Valley route 308
- Oases of the Zerafshan 310
- River-bank (type II) oases of the lower Zerafshan 310
- Afrosiab 311
- High-valley (type III) oases of the upper Zerafshan 311
- Hissar 316
- Abandoned oases of Fergana 317
- Kara Tepe (Western) 317
- Eeman Tepe 318
- River-cut mounds of Millitinskaya 318
- Anau 320
- Peculiarities of Anau as an oasis of type Ib 320
- The building of a tilting delta 321
- Erosion cycles of the Anau Su in the mountains 322
- Recent decrease of surface drainage 322
- Shape of the Anau Delta and its surface irregularities wrought by man's debris of occupation and his control of alluvial depositions 324
- The ancient and the modern dunes of Kara Kum and the interbedding of the delta margins with them 327
- Analysis of shaft sections of the deposits from man, water, and wind 328
- Physiographic reconstruction of the past in Anau 330
- Oases of the Murg-ab Delta 330
- The river Murg-ab and the type peculiarities of the Mery oases, past and present 330
- Irregularities of the delta surface wrought by man's debris of occupation and his control of alluvial depositions 333
- The great mound of Odontche Tepe 334
- Analysis of shafts at Ghiaur Kara. The deposits from man, water, and wind 334
- The stratigraphic order [(1) loess, (2) dune-sand, (3) alluvium] explained by climatic change to dry and recession of the delta 336
- PART VI. ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU, AND THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS RELATION TO THE RACES OF DOMESTIC HORSES. J. ULRICH DUERST
- CHAPTER XVI. INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL 341
- CHAPTER XVII 345
- Carnivora 345
- Foxes of Anau I and II 345
- Wolf of Anau I anatomically compared 346
- Domestic Dog of Anau II anatomically compared with prehistoric and recent domestic and wild dogs 348
- Probably imported into Anau 350
- Rodentia 354
- CHAPTER XVIII 355
- Artiodactyla 355
- The pig of Anau I (Sus palustris Rütimeyer) anatomically compared with prehistoric and recent wild and domestic pigs 355
- Identical with Torfschwein (turbary pig) of European neolithic and bronze-age stations 355
- Cavicornia 359
- Long-horned wild ox (Bos namadicus) of Anau I
- Anatomically compared with fossil and prehistoric bovids of Eurasia and Egypt 359
- Domestic long-horned cattle (Bos taurus macroceros) of Anau I 359
- Anatomically compared with wild and domestic cattle of Eurasia and Egypt 364
- Domesticated out of the wild Bos namadicus of Anau I 369
- Identical with the long-horned Apis of early Egypt 369
- Ovina. Wild sheep of Anau I (a) (Ovis vignei arkal) anatomically compared with Eurasiatic forms 370
- Domestic sheep of Anau I 372
- Progress of domestication out of Ovis vignei arkal shown in changes in size, and in character of bone structure 372
- Towards end of Anau I a smaller breed established identical with Ovis aries palustris Rütimeyer, the Torfschaf of European neolithic and bronze-age stations. Anatomically compared with the wild ancestor and with domestic sheep of prehistoric Europe 374
- First breed (large horned) 376
- Hornless breed of Anau II 376
- Tables of anatomical comparisons 374,375,377-379
- Capra hircus rütimeyeri Duerst. Domestic goat of Anau II, anatomically compared 380
- Antelopin●. Gazelle of Anau I 382
- Cervid●. The stag of Persia 382
- Camelid●. Camel of Anau II 383
- Perissodactyla. Horse of Anau 384
- Distinguishing anatomical characteristics of Western and Oriental horse groups and asses 386
- Type and relations of the horse from Anau 396
- The diluvial horse differentiated into three types: Desert type (Equus caballus pumpellii), Steppe type (Equus caballus germanicus seu robustus) and Forest type (Equus caballus nehringi) 399
- Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii Gray) 399
- CHAPTER XIX. THE HORSE OP ANAU IN ITS RELATION TO HISTORY AND TO THE RACES OF DOMESTIC HORSES 401
- Oriental and occidental horse groups 401
- Fossil and subfossil horses 402
- Horse of the Quaternary period of Europe 402
- The horses of prehistoric times 403
- The horses of the Neolithic Age 403
- Craniological differences between the ass and horse 404
- The horses of Europe in the Copper, La Tene, Hallstadt, and Roman periods 410
- Skulls of the prehistoric horses 411
- Teeth 411
- The skull and its proportions 414
- The bones of the extremities 417
- Calculated sizes of the prehistoric horses 426
- Conclusions 427
- Application of the measurements to determination of the relationship of the various prehistoric horses among themselves and to the horse of Anau 427
- The Tertiary horses of Europe 428
- Only one type of wild horse over Europe and Asia in Pliocene and Pleistocene time; probably Equus stenonis Cocchi 428
- Equus przewalskii its last wild representative 428
- With post-glacial changes of climate began parallel regional differentiation of vegetation and types of horses 429
- The horse of Anau (Equus caballus pumpellii) brought to Europe in the bronze age 430
- Used later in ennobling Roman horses 430
- Genealogical chart of the races of domestic horses 431
- CHAPTER XX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 433
- Modern stock-raising in Transcaspia 433
- Mucke's theory of domestication 436
- Changes in relative percentages of different animals bred, due to secular climatic change 438
- Importation of turbary sheep into Europe 439
- Their occurrence at Schweizersbild discussed 440
- Dispersion of Anau cattle over the prehistoric world 440
- Significance of the ox-cult 441
- PART VII. DESCRIPTION OF SOME SKULLS PROM THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU. G. SERGI
- CHAPTER XXI. SKULLS PROM ANAU 445
- Representatives of the two oldest cultures differ absolutely from Mongolian type; closely resemble Mediterranean type 446
- Table of measurements 446
- PART VIII. SOME HUMAN REMAINS FOUND IN THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU. TH. MOLLISON
- CHAPTER XXII. DESCRIPTION OP SOME HUMAN REMAINS FOUND IN THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU 449
- Enumeration of the bones from five adult individuals 449
- The bones of individual I, from Culture II, described and racially compared 450
- The bones of individual II, III, IV, and V described 462
- The bones of children from Culture I 463
- Estimation of the height of the individuals 463
- Tabulation of the measurements 465
- Bibliography 468
- PART IX. WHEAT AND BARLEY FROM THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU. H. C. SCHELLENBERG
- CHAPTER XXIII. THE REMAINS OF PLANTS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN, ANAU 471
- Charcoal from Cultures I and II 471
- Casts and siliceous skeletons of wheat and two-rowed barley from Culture I 471
- Appendix to Professor Schellenberg's report, and note by R. P 473
- PART X. STONE IMPLEMENTS AND SKELETONS EXCAVATED IN ANAU. LANGDON WARNER.
- CHAPTER XXIV 477
- Report on the larger stone implements of the Kurgans at Anau 477
- Summary of work done in Terrace II, North Kurgan 482
- Skeletons excavated in North Kurgan 484
- Skeletons excavated in South Kurgan 491
- Résumé 494
Copyright (C) 2003-2019
National Institute of Informatics(国立情報学研究所)
and
The Toyo Bunko(東洋文庫). All Rights Reserved.
本ウェブサイトに掲載するデジタル文化資源の無断転載は固くお断りいたします。