ROADS TO TABIE-TSAKA.
325 the road; it was a water-parting between the Chaktak-tsangpo and Men-chu. Yo-orla was the highest pass on this road, and the last place from where water went to the great Martsang-tsangpo. To the north or N.E. from this pass flows a river, Sergo-tsangpo, and there was another river called Chu-sumbuk; in the list of names this river, however, is mentioned as situated south of Yo-or-la. The length of everyone of the 35 stages was said to be as long as the distance from Saka-dsong to Pasa-guk, which indeed, would be sufficient to take us through the whole of Tibet and Eastern Turkestan to Kashgar!
At Pasa-guk another man told me that north of Raga-tasam was a pass, Chapsang-la, forming the water-parting between Chaktak-tsangpo and Raga-tsangpo, which should indicate the existence of only one range in this region, if the information of the Tibetans were in the least reliable.
From Chärok, my Camp 195, a valley, Hlalung, was shown to the N.E. in the Transhimalaya. Up this valley a road was said to proceed north-eastward to Tabie-tsaka, a road that should be just in the middle between my 5th and 6th crossings. It was therefore of particular interest and I did my best to get it explained to me. The road was said to take 13 days, each about 14 km long; two or three longer stages are sometimes divided, making 15 or 16 days in all. The following places are passed : Hlalung-do with Hlalung-la, Pangkildum, Men-la-tütang or Men-li-la, an easy pass, to which a valley gradually ascends, Burkar, Ngurva, Pemtang, Toragruk, Romar with the low threshold Romar-la, Amdo-dejung, Chungbap, Nargü, after which one has to cross Gangni-la, a low sandy pass, Gangni-larguk, and Tabie-tsaka. The Men-la I saw from the north. Gangri-la is said to be situated in a range between Tabie-tsaka and Tarok-tso, in which there is, further west, another pass, Koke-la. Romar-la was a water-parting between Tarok-tso and Chung-kor, a river also called Sa-chu-tsangpo. Thus a few names on this itinerary can be easily identified, though it would be impossible to get a general conception of the hydrography and orography from it.
Nganglaring-tso is at a height of 4 748 m; Tokchen at 4 654 m; the water-parting pass, Surnge-la, at 5 276 m; the rise from Nganglaring-tso to Surnge-la is therefore 528 m in a distance of 127,2 km, in a straight line, and 160,6 km along our road. The fall from Surnge-la to Tokchen is 622 m in a distance of 30,3 km in a straight line, and 42,4 km along the road. Taking Ding-la, 5 885 m which is halfway between the two end points, we get a difference of altitude between this pass and Nganglaring-tso of 1 I37 m; between Ding-la and Tokchen the difference is 1231 m.
The time of year of this journey was July, 1908.
One of the greatest plains at the northern foot of Transhimalaya is that which extends itself on the southern shore of the Nganglaring-tso. Here the river Sumdangtsangpo enters the lake. At my Camp 439 the river has a very slow current and the bed is regular; the surrounding plain, covered with grass, rises only 2 or 3 feet above the water; the volume was 21/2 cub. m, June 27th. Selipuk is situated on
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