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『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ
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India and Tibet : 1冊 |
インドとチベット : 1冊 |
CONTENTS
- 目次ページ画像
- CONTENTS
- CHAPTER I 4
- WARREN HASTINGS' POLICY : BOGLE'S MISSION-1774 4
- Bhutanese aggression on Bengal in 1772 4
- Warren Hastings repels aggression 4
- Tashi Lama intercedes on behalf of Bhutanese 5
- Warren Hastings replies, proposing treaty of amity and commerce 7
- His policy 7
- He selects Bogle for Mission 8
- His instructions to Bogle 9
- Value of discretionary powers to agents 10
- Bogle's reception by 'Tashi Lama 13
- The Lama acknowledges unjustifiability of Bhutanese action 14
- Conversation regarding trade 16
- Bogle receives two Lhasa delegates 17
- Tibetan fear of the Chinese 18
- Bogle suggests alliance with Tibetans against Gurkhas 19
- Obstructiveness of Lhasa delegates 20
- The Nepalese instigate the Tibetans against Bogle 21
- Conversations with Kashmiri and Tibetan merchants 22
- CHAPTER II 26
- WARREN HASTINGS' POLICY (continued) : TURNER'S MISSION-1782 26
- Warren Hastings' further efforts 26
- Captain Turner sent to Shigatse 27
- Power of the Chines 28
- Admission to traders granted 29
- Nepalese invasion in 1792 30
- Closing of intercourse with Tibet 31
- CHAPTER III 33
- MANNING'S VISIT TO LHASA-1811 33
- Manning's previous career 33
- He makes friends with the Chinese 34
- Obtains permission from them to visit Lhasa 37
- He visits the Grand Lama 37
- His stay in Lhasa, p. 38. Results of his journey 39
- Subsequent exploration 40
- CHAPTER IV 42
- THE BENGAL GOVERNMENT'S EFFORTS-1873-1886 42
- Bengal Government urge improvement of intercourse with the Tibetans, 1873 42
- Press for admission of tea to Tibet 44
- Delay caused by reference of local questions to central Governments 45
- Colman Macaulay's efforts in 1885 46
- The Tibetans cross our frontier in force, 188 47
- Neither Chinese nor Tibetan Government can or will withdraw them 48
- General Graham expels them 49
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- CHAPTER V 50
- THE CONVENTION WITH CHINA-1890 50
- The Chinese ask that a treaty should be made 50
- Convention signed t March, 1890 51
- Trade Regulations signed December, 1893 52
- Tibetans fail to observe Regulations 54
- Bengal Government wish to protest 55
- Government of India prefer to be patient 55
- Tibetans occupy land inside Treaty boundary 56
- Efforts to demarcate boundary 57
- Tibetans remove boundary pillars 59
- Sir Charles Elliott proposes occupation of Chumbi 61
- Government of India adhere to policy of forbearance 62
- Reasons for Tibetans' seclusive policy 63
- Chinese fail to arrange matters 64
- Report on result of five years' working of the Treaty 65
- CHAPTER VI 66
- SECURING THE TREATY RIGHTS-1899-1903 66
- Attempts by Lord Curzon to open direct communication with Dalai Lama 66
- Dalai Lama's Mission to Russia 67
- Russian Government disclaim its having political nature 68
- 'Tibetans expelled by us from Giagong inside Treaty boundary 71
- Rumours of Russo-Tibetan agreement 72
- Reasons why Russian activity in Tibet should cause Indian Government anxiety 73
- Indian Government propose sending Mission to Lhasa 76
- CHAPTER VII 79
- NEGOTIATIONS WITH RUSSIA-1903 79
- Russian protests 79
- Lord Lansdowne's rejoinder 81
- Russian assurances of no intention to interfere in Tibet 82
- Such assurances did not preclude possibility of 'Tibetans relying on Russian support 83
- CHAPTER VIII 84
- A MISSION SANCTIONED-1903 84
- Views of His Majesty's Government on general question 84
- Correspondence with Viceroy as to scope of Mission 86
- Viceroy's proposal to have agent at Gyantse 87
- Decision to despatch a Mission to Khamba Jong 87
- Correspondence with the Chinese 88
- Instructions to the British Commissioner, p. 91. Justification for despatch of Mission 92
- CHAPTER IX 95
- SIlIILA TO KHAMBA JONG-1903 95
- I am summoned to Simla, May, 1903 95
- Receive Lord Curzon's instructions, p. 96. Mr. White's arrival 97
- Magnificent scenery on way to Darjiling 100
- Views of Kinchinjunga 101
- Assistance given by Bengal Government 103
- Tropical forests 104
- Character of Lepclias 107
- Hard work of 32nd Pioneers 108
- Reach Upper Sikkim 109
- Tibetans protest against our passing Giagong 110
- Lhasa delegates arrive on frontier 111
- Mr. White, with escort, reach Khamba Jong 112
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- CHAPTER X 116
- KHAMBA JONG-1903 116
- I join Mr. White at Khamba Jong 116
- Interview with Mr. Ho 117
- Speech to Tibetan delegates 118
- They refuse to report to Lhasa 121
- Recreations at Khamba Jong 122
- Deputation from Tashi Lama 123
- Arrival of Mr. Wilton 124
- Viceroy suggests to Resident he himself should meet me 124
- Two Sikkimese seized by Tibetans, p. 12.5. Shigatse Abbot arrives 125
- Situation grows threatening 128
- Departure of Mr. Ho 131
- My suggestions to Government for meeting the situation 132
- Aid given by Nepalese 133
- British representation to Chinese Government 138
- Recommendations of Indian Government 140
- Secretary of State sanctions advance to Gyantse 140
- Viceroy notifies Chinese Resident 142
- Chinese Government protest 143
- Russian Government also protest 144
- Justification for advance 146
- CHAPTER XI 149
- DARJILING TO CHUMBI-1903 149
- Question of advancing in winter or waiting till spring 149
- Risks in crossing Himalayas in winter 150
- Transport preparations 151
- Departure from Darjiling 152
- Crossing the Jelap-la (pass) 153
- Protests from Tibetans 155
- Arrive Yatung 156
- Macdonald occupies Phari 157
- Obstruction of Lhasa monks 159
- Extreme cold 160
- Crossing the Tang-la 160
- CHAPTER XII 162
- TUNA-1904 162
- Lhasa officials come to Tuna 162
- I visit Tibetan camp 163
- Critical situation 166
- Conclusions as to Tibetan disposition 167
- Lhasa General visits me 168
- Severe cold 169
- Bhutanese Envoy arrives 169
- His attempts to reason with Tibetans 170
- Our losses from cold 172
- Macdonald arrives, March 28 173
- We advance to Guru 174
- Troops advance without firing 176
- Tibetans refuse to allow passage 177
- Sudden commencement of action 178
- Chinese Resident urges delay 179
- Our arrival at Gyantse 180
- CHAPTER XIII 182
- GYANTSE-1904 182
- Friendly attitude of people 182
- But no signs of negotiators 183
- I advocate preparations to advance to Lhasa 184
- Tibetan troops again assemble 185
- Mission attacked 187
- Brander attacks Tibetans on Karo-la (pass) 189
- He returns to Gyantse 191
- Advance to Lhasa sanctioned by Home Government 191
- Mission escort reinforced 192
- Captains Sheppard and Ottley 192
- Brander attacks Palla village 194
- I am recalled to Chumbi 195
- Attacked at Kangma 196
- I advocate preparing to stop at Lhasa for winter 197
- Government discourage the idea 199
- Renewed pledges to Russia 201
- How these fettered the Indian Government 201
- Meeting with Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan 203
- More aid from Nepal 206
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- CHAPTER XIV 208
- THE STORMING OF GYANTSE JONG-1904 208
- Macdonald, with reinforcements, leaves Chumbi 208
- Good feeling of country people 208
- Reinforcements reach Gyantse 209
- Ta Lama arrives to negotiate 211
- He is informed jong must be evacuated 215
- Operations against jong commence 217
- Gurdon killed 218
- Grant leads assault 219
- Jong captured 220
- Negotiators not to be found 221
- Preparations for advance completed 221
- Tongsa Penlop informs Ta Lama of my readiness to negotiate en route to Lhasa, and Dalai Lama of our terms 222
- CHAPTER XV 223
- THE ADVANCE TO LHASA-1904 223
- Dalai Lama asks Tongsa Penlop to effect a settlement 223
- Action at Karo-la 224
- At Nagartse find deputation from Lhasa 225
- They ask us to return to Gyantse 226
- They fear their religion will be spoilt 230
- And that Russians might want to go to Lhasa 231
- Importance I attached to good personal relations 232
- The beautiful Yam-dok Tso (lake) 233
- Arrival at Brahmaputra 234
- Letter from National Assembly 235
- Question 'whether to negotiate here or go on to Lhasa 236
- Major Bretherton drowned 237
- Dalai Lama's Chamberlain brings letter from his master 238
- I reply that we must advance to Lhasa 239
- We discuss general question of intercourse with India 240
- Further discussion with Ta Lama 243
- We advance across Brahmaputra 247
- Final deputation attempts to dissuade us from going to Lhasa 249
- Arrival at Lhasa 250
- CHAPTER XVI 251
- THE TERMS-1904 251
- Disadvantage of being pressed for time 251
- Views of Indian Government regarding terms 252
- Their desire to have Agent at Lhasa 252
- And to occupy the Chumbi Valley 256
- The question of an indemnity 257
- Of an Agent at Gyantse 258
- Of exclusive political influence in Tibet 259
- Of facilities for trade 259
- His Majesty's Government consider proposals excessive, and decide against Agent at Lhasa 260
- And against Gyantse Agent proceeding to Lhasa 262
- Amount of indemnity to be such as can be paid in three years 262
- CHAPTER XVII 263
- THE NEGOTIATIONS 263
- Chinese Resident visits me day of our arrival at Lhasa 263
- Question of entering Lhasa city 264
- Impressions of city 265
- Reception by Chinese Resident 266
- Nepalese representative and Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan visit me 267
- Flight of Dalai Lama 269
- Chinese Resident says ordinary people anxious for intercourse 270
- The Ti Rimpoche (Regent) commences negotiations 273
- Disagrees with obstructive policy of National Assembly 274
- Two Sikkimese prisoners released 276
- Difficulties in regard to indemnity 279
- Tongsa Penlop suggests that Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet should look to England 280
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- Chinese Resident denounces the Dalai Lama 282
- Tibetans incline to agree to some of terms 282
- But continue to protest against indemnity 284
- CHAPTER XVIII 289
- THE TREATY CONCLUDED-1904 289
- Pressure for time 289
- Military considerations demand very early withdrawal 290
- Necessity for decisive action 290
- 'Tibetans presented with final terms 291
- They propose extension of time for payment of indemnity 294
- Reasons for accepting proposal 294
- Question of Chumbi Valley 295
- Permission for Gyantse Agent to proceed to Lhasa 299
- I insist on signing Treaty in Potala 300
- The ceremony of signature 303
- CHAPTER XIX 307
- IMPRESSIONS AT LHASA-1904 307
- Release of prisoners 307
- Visits to monasteries 309
- Character or Lamas 310
- The effects of Lamaism on Tibetans and Mongols 314
- Visit to Jo Khang Temple 316
- The inner spirit of the people 317
- Socia side of Tibetans 318
- Tibetan view of English 319
- Chinese attitude to Tibetans 321
- CHAPTER XX 325
- THE RETURN-1904 325
- Farewell visits 325
- Sensations of good-will 326
- Good behaviour of Indian troops 327
- Exploring parties 328
- Successful work of Rawling and Ryder 330
- Return to Simla 332
- Meeting with Lord Curzon 333
- Audience of His late Majesty 333
- Mission flag placed in Windsor Castle 334
- CHAPTER XXI 335
- RESULTS OF THE MISSION 335
- Good-will of Tibetans 335
- Friendship of Bhutan 336
- Scientific results 337
- Indemnity reduced by His Majesty's Government 338
- Period of occupation of Chumbi reduced 338
- Permission for Gyantse Agent to proceed to Lhasa abandoned 339
- Reasons of His Majesty's Government for above 339
- CHAPTER XXII 342
- NEGOTIATIONS WITH CHINA-1905-1910 342
- Convention with China confirming Lhasa Convention 342
- Unfriendly attitude of Chinese in Tibet 343
- Their attempts to prevent direct relations with Tibetans 344
- Sir Edward Grey's remonstrances 345
- Indian Government complains of breaches of Lhasa Convention 347
- Chinese device to prevent direct relations between us and the Tibetans in regard to payment of indemnity 348
- Question of evacuating Chumbi Valley 354
- Chumbi evacuated 359
- Trade Regulations agreed to 359
- Chinese forward movement commences 362
- Bhutan taken under our protection 365
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- CHAPTER XXIII 367
- ATTITUDE OF THE TIBETANS SINCE 1904-1904-1910 367
- Favourable Tibetan attitude following signature of Treaty 367
- Dis-. turbances in Eastern Tibet, 1905 368
- Batang annexed by Chinese 372
- Dalai Lama's movements in Mongolia 377
- Anglo-Russian agreement in regard to Tibet 378
- Dalai Lama arrives in Peking 382
- Leaves Peking 385
- Arrives near Lhasa, November, 1909, and complains of Chinese encroachments 386
- Arrives in Lhasa 387
- Chinese intention to take away his temporal power 389
- Chinese troops arrive in Lhasa 389
- Dalai Lama flees 391
- Arrives in Darjiling 392
- Visits Viceroy in Calcutta 394
- Tibetan Ministers ask for British officer with troops to be despatched to Lhasa, and for alliance 395
- Dalai Lama's request for aid refused, p. 396. But British Government makes protest to Chinese Government 396
- Chinese state they merely wish to exercise effective control 398
- Dalai Lama deposed 399
- Chinese view of situation 400
- Indian Government's views 403
- Lord Morley's views 404
- CHAPTER XXIV 407
- SOME CONCLUSIONS 407
- Tendency to centralization of control 407
- Reasons why British administrators in India lack confidence in centralization in London 408
- Remedies for evil 411
- More intimate personal relationship 412
- More trust in the " man on the spot," p. 415. Summary of situation in Tibet 415
- Morality of intervention in Tibet, p. 416. Co-operation with Russia 421
- Chinese generally good neighbours 421
- Necessity for securing removal of inimical local Chinese officials 423
- And for preserving intimate touch with Tibetans 424
- A forward policy recommended 428
- CHAPTER XXV 430
- A FINAL REFLECTION 430
- "A strange force" or " the designs of bureaucrats," 430
- No deliberate intention to conquer India 432
- Impelled to intervene in Tibet 433
- Probability of some force impelling us on 434
- Reality of an inherent impulse 435
- Its direction towards harmony 436
- Hence disorder invites intervention 436
- Our intellects should be used to give impulse definite effect 438
- APPENDIX 439
- Anglo-Chinese Convention, 1890 439
- Trade Regulations, 1893 440
- Anglo-Tibetan
Convention, 1904 441
- Anglo-Chinese Convention, 1906 443
- Anglo-Russian Convention, 1907 444
- INDEX 447
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