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Explorations in Turkestan : Expedition of 1903 : 1Volume
Contents
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CONTENTS
ARCHEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN TURKESTAN
Introduction
3
Itinerary
3
Outline sketch of the region
5
Evidences of former occupation
7
Tumuli (or kurgans)
7
Ancient towns
9
Ruins near Atrek River
9
Ancient Mery
10
Ruins of Paikent
10
Samarkand
10
Review of the field
12
Results in physical geography
16
Recommendations
18
Town sites
18
Tumuli
18
Summary
19
A JOURNEY ACROSS TURKESTAN
Itinerary
23
Nature of observations
23
The Caspian region
24
The Tertiary and Quaternary Caspian
24
The Bosporus
26
The south coast of the Black Sea
26
The Quaternary Caspian shorelines near Baku
28
The Quaternary shorelines near Krasnovodsk and Jebel
33
The plains of Southern Turkestan
36
The Quaternary Aralo-Caspian in the Kara Kum
37
The piedmont plains
40
The Akhal-tekin oases
41
The Kopet Dagh
46
The Firuza Basin
47
The Serani Valley
49
The Selsuparali Basin
50
The terraces of Duruigar Valley
52
The desert plains
54
The aggrading rivers of the plains
55
Loess deposits
58
Loess near Samarkand
58
Loess near Jizak
59
Loess in Fergana
60
Loess in Semiryetshensk
61
Loess in (western) Kugart Valley
63
The Tian Shan Mountains
64
Preparation for the mountain journey
64
Route over the mountains
67
The Tian Shan Mountains—Continued.
70
Weather, climate, and vegetation in the Tian Shan
70
Development of the Tian Shan Mountains
72
The Bural bas-tau
73
The Koktal Range and the Son Kul Basin
74
The ranges near Issik Kul
74
The ranges and steppes of Semiryetshensk and Semipalatinsk
77
Origin of the existing ranges of the Tian Shan
80
The bearing of the Tian Shan ranges on the theory of horsts
82
Glacial records in the Tian Shan
84
Moraines near Son Kul
84
Moraines in the Tersloei Ala-tau
86
Moraines in the Kungei Ala-tau
87
Subdivision of the Glacial period
88
Glacial erosion in the higher ranges
89
The Narin Tertiary Basin
92
The period of deposition
92
The period of deformation and erosion
93
The rivers and valleys of the Tian Shan
95
Rivers of the Issik Kul district
96
The Kugarut terraces
97
The terraces of the Narin Basin
102
Origin of the terraces
103
The Issik Kul Basin
105
The early basin deposits
105
The piedmont slopes and valleys
106
The recent changes of Issik Kul
109
Relations of the river Chu to Issik Kul
111
Notes on archeology
114
Conclusion
117
List of references
118
PHYSIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS BETWERN THE SYR DARYA AND LAKE KARA KUL, ON THE PAMIR, IN 1903
Description of the route
123
Detailed observations
132
In the Alai Valley
133
In the Kizil-Art Valley
136
Moraines
137
On the Pamir
138
Ancient shorelines and sediments of the Great Kara Kul Basin
138
Observations on the glacial geology of the Great Kara Kul Basin
140
The Kara Jilga moraine
142
Observations in the region of Kizil Kul
143
Fluctuations of lake level and glacial advances explained by climatic changes
143
Glacial epochs
145
Form of the great Alai Valley
146
The valley itself
146
Side tributaries
146
Explanation of conditions
147
Observations in the Taldic Valley
148
Observations on the southern border of the Fergana lowland plains
151
Attempt at correlation of recent geology of the mountains and plains
153
Miscellaneous observations on the lowland plains
155
Conclusion
155
A GEOLOGICAL AND PHVSIOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE IN CENTRAL TURKESTAN
Itinerary
159
Plan of report
160
The Paleozoic series
160
The Mesozoic-Tertiary series
163
Comparison with American formations
166
The Tertiary peneplain
167
The Quaternary uplift
169
Consequent drainage
169
Long continuance of processes of deposition and uplift
170
Physiograrphic provinces
171
The Tian Shan Plateau
171
The Kashgar Basin
175
Subsidiary basins
176
Loess
178
The Alai Mountains
178
The Alai Valley
179
The Fergana Basin
181
The Quaternary period
182
Glaciation
182
Distribution of glaciers and amount of erosion
182
The subdivision of the glacial period in Asia
183
An older and a younger glacial epoch
184
Five glacial epochs
186
Moraines of the Jukuchak Valley
186
Moraines of the eastern Khoja Ishken Valley
187
Moraines of the Mudirum Basin
190
Moraines of the Yak Tash Basin
192
Moraines of the Kan Su Valley
193
Moraines of the Taka Valley
196
Summary of the glacial period
199
Comparison of the glaciation of Asia with that of America and Europe
200
Terraces
201
Lakes
208
Summary
214
THE BASIN OP EASTERN PERSIA AND SISTAN
Introduction
219
Route
220
Literature
221
Outline of report
222
The physiography of Eastern Persia
225
Climate: The cause of the desolation of Persia
227
The basin region of Iran
230
The two basins of Iran
230
Geological history of the basins
232
Illustrations of the geological history of northeastern Persia
233
The mountains of Khorasan
233
Kopet Dagh
233
The Meshed Basin
235
The Kuchan earthquake
236
The Binalud range and the neighboring basins
237
The Afghan depression
237
The Heri Rud Valley
237
The extinct lake of Zorabad
239
The Afghan depression south of the Russo-Afghan boundary
240
The Tertiary history of the basin of Eastern Persia
242
Persia as a typical example of an arid country
246
The cycle of erosion and deposition in Persia
246
Youth
246
Maturity
247
Old age
251
Persia as an example of the influence of changes of climate
253
Theories of terrace formation
254
Examples of terraces
254
The northern slope of Kopet Dagh
254
The Murg-ab River
257
The Heri Rud
258
The lake of Kogneh Nemeksar
260
The Salt lake of Pul-i-Khatun
263
Nemeksar, or the playa of Khaf
264
Kulberenj
265
Terraces among the mountains from Meshed to Birjand
266
The terraces on the borders of the Dasht-i-Lut
267
Terraces in Turkey
271
Terraces in North America
282
The nature and the method of action of the Quaternary climatic changes of Eastern Persia.
283
Sistan
276
The Helmund River
276
Description of Sistan
277
The delta of the Helmund
281
The Shila and the God-i-Zirrah
283
The Quaternary era in Sistan
285
The deposits of the lake of Sistan
285
Lake deposits versus playa deposits
286
The cause of the alternations of the Sistan strata
288
Outlet theory
288
Diversion theory
288
Rhythmic warping theory
289
Fluvial or lacustral theory
290
The gravels of Sistan
291
The terraces of Sistan
293
Northwest side of the lake
293
Southeast side of the lake
295
Modern shorelines
295
Younger abandoned shorelines
295
Older abandoned shorelines
299
Climate and history
302
The ancient climate of Iran
302
Alexander's march
303
The desiccation of ancient ruins
305
Neh
306
The Merv oasis
307
Bal Kuwi and Anau
307
The northern border of the Dasht-i-Lut
308
The cause of the depopulation of Iran
308
The legendary history of Sistan
312
Agreement of legend, history, and physiography
313
Bibliography
316
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