with a total absence of the round-headed element.* No skulls were kept from the South Kurgan, but Mr. Warner photographed in norma lateralis one obtained from the later part of the copper culture, the only formally buried adult found by us. From this photograph Professor Sergi pronounced the skull to be very dolichocephalic. We are therefore justified in assuming that domestication and the forming of the several breeds of domestic animals at Anau, as determined by Dr. Duerst, were effected by a long-headed people. And since the people of the two successive cultures were settled oasis agriculturists and breeders, we may assume as probable that agriculture and settled life in towns on the oases originated among people of a dolichocephalic type. Since Dr. Duerst identifies the second breed of sheep established during the first culture at Anau, with the " turbary " sheep which appears without transition from local forms, in neolithic stations in Europe, contemporaneously with skulls of the broad-headed Galcha type, it should follow that the domestic animals of the European neolithic stations were brought thither, together with wheat and barley, by round-headed immigrants (of an Asiatic type).
We have at present no means of knowing how many links there may have been in the chain of transference between the oases and Europe. But since the original agriculturists and breeders were long-heads, it seems probable that the immigrants were broad-headed nomads, who, having acquired domestic animals and rudimentary agriculture of the kind still practised by the shepherd nomads of Central Asia from the oasis people, infiltrated among the neolithic settlements of Eastern and Central Europe, and adopted the stone-implement culture of the hunting and fishing peoples among whom they came. It is the province of the anthropologist to discuss the bearings of Professor Sergi's determinations of skulls from the lowest, highest, and intermediate culture-strata of the North Kurgan at Anau; I will merely venture to recall Ujfalvy's insistence that in the forming of the Aryan-speaking broad-headed Galchas and Tadjiks there was a crossing of a dolichocephalic people on a broad-headed, presumably Asiatic stock. The Gal-chas and Tadjiks inhabit the valleys of the Hindu-Kush, where eastern Irania meets High Asia and Eastern Central Asia, the home of the broad-headed mongoloids. And in this connection it is surely not without significance that throughout the whole historical period, the combination of settled town life and agriculture has been the fundamental characteristic of the Aryan-speaking Galchas, and of the Iranians inhabiting western Central Asia and the Persian plateau, while the peoples of pure Asiatic mongoloid type have been essentially shepherd nomads, who, as I have shown, could have become shepherds only after the settled agriculturists of the oases had established domesticated breeds of cattle. The temptation is strong to carry this line of argument into the field of Aryan problems ; but it would be beyond my province, and premature in our present state of ignorance of the great and successive ethnic changes that have doubtless occurred over this vast area during so many millenniums. But, however great these changes may
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