IIIFカラー高解像度
国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
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| The Book of Ser Marco Polo : vol.2 | |
| マルコ=ポーロ卿の記録 : vol.2 |
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引用情報
278
MARCO POLO BooK III.
In this Lo or Lo-HOH, which apparently formed the lower part of what is now Siam, previous to the middle of the i4th century, I believe that we have our Traveller's Locac. The latter half of the name may be either the second syllable of Lo-Iloh, for Polo's c often represents lz ; or it may be the Chinese Kwő or h'uyé, " kingdom," in the Canton and Fo-kien pronunciation (i.e. the pronunciation of Polo's mariners) kok; Lo-kok, " the kingdom of Lo." Sien-Lo-KoK is the exact form of the Chinese name of Siam which is used by Bastian.
What was this kingdom of Lo which occupied the northern shores of the Gulf of Siam ? Chinese scholars generally say that Sien-Lo means Siam and Laos ; but this I cannot accept, if Laos is to bear its ordinary geographical sense, i.e. of a country bordering Siam on the north-east and north. Still there seems a probability that the usual interpretation may be correct, when properly explained.
[Regarding the identification of Locac with Siam, Mr. G. Phillips writes (Jour. China B. R.A.S., XXI., 1886, p. 34, note) : " I can only fully endorse what Col. Yule says upon this subject, and add a few extracts of my own taken from the article on Siam given in the Wu pé-ché. It would appear that previously to 1341 a country called Lohoh (in Amoy pronunciation Lohok) existed, as Yule says, in what is now called Lower Siam, and at that date became incorporated with Sien. In the 4th year of Hung-wu, 1372, it sent tribute to China, under the name of Sien Lohok. The country was first called Sien Lo in the first year of Yung Lo, 1403. In the T'ang Dynasty it appears to have been known as Lo yuelz, pronounced Lo -; zzeh at that period. This Lo yueh would seem to have been situated on the Eastern side of Malay Peninsula, and to have extended to the entrance to the Straits of Singapore, in what is now known as Johore."—II. C.]
In 1864, Dr. Bastian communicated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal the translation of a long and interesting inscription, brought [in 1834] from Sukkothai to Bangkok by the late King of Siam [Mongkut, then crown prince], and dated in a year 1214, which in the era of Salivahana (as it is almost certainly, see Garnier, cited below) will be A.D. 1292-1293, almost exactly coincident with Polo's voyage. The author of this inscription was a Prince of Thai (or Siamese) race, styled Phra Râma Kamhêng (" The Valiant ") [son of Sri Indratiya], who reigned in Sukkothai, whilst his dominions extended from Vieng-chan on the Mekong River (lat. 18°), to Pechabur, and Sri-Thammarat (i.e. Ligór, in lat. 8° 18'), on the coast of the Gulf of Siam. [This inscription gives three dates-1205, 1209, and 1214 s'atia = A.D. 1283, 1287 and 1292. One passage says : " Formerly the Thais had no writing ; it is in 1205 s'aka, year of the goat = A. D. 1283, that King Râma Kamhêng sent for a teacher who invented the Thai writing. It is to him that we are indebted for it to-day." (Cf. Fournereau, Siam ancien, p. 225 ; Schmitt, Exc. et Recon., 1885 ; Aynzonier, Cambodge, II. p. 72.)—H. C.] '1 he conquests of this prince are stated to have extended eastward to the " Royal Lake," apparently the Great Lake of Kamboja ; and we may conclude with certainty that he was the leader of the Siamese, who had invaded Kamboja shortly before it was visited (in 1296) by that envoy of Kúblái's successor, whose valuable account of the country has been translated by Rémusat.* Now this prince Râma Kamhêng of Sukkothai was probably (as Lieutenant Garnier supposes) of the Thai-nyai, Great Thai, or Laotian branch of the race. Hence the application of the name Lo-kok to his kingdom can be accounted for.
It was another branch of the Thai, known as Thai-noi, or Little Thai, which in 1351, under another Phra Rama, founded Ayuthia and the Siamese monarchy, which still exists.
The explanation now given seems more satisfactory than the suggestions formerly made of the connection of the name Locac, either with Lophāburi (or Lava, Louvo), a very ancient capital near Ayuthia, or with Lawék, i.e. Kamboja. Kamboja had at
' e
* I am happy to express my obligation to the remarks of my lamented friend Lieutenant Gamier, for light on this subject, which has led to an entire reform in the present note. (See his excellent Historical Essay, forming ch. v. of the great " Voyage d' Exploration en Indo-Chine," pp. 136-137).
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