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CHAP. XVIII. p. 98.   THE CARAUNA ROBBERS.   2I

ground ; the weight of the tail is often more than six or eight

pounds ' (FELLOWS'S Asia Minor, p. I o). Leo Africanus,

writing in the i 5th century, regards the broad tail as the great

difference between the sheep of Africa and that of Europe. He

declares that one which he had seen in Egypt weighed 8o lbs.

He also mentions the use of trucks which is still common in

North Africa."

XVIII., p. 98. " Camadi.—Reobarles.— In this plain there are a

number of villages and towns which have lofty walls of mud, made as

a defence against the banditti, who are very numerous, and are called

CARAONAS. This name is given them because they are the sons of

Indian mothers by Tartar fathers."

Mirzá Haydar writes (Tárik/i-i-Raskidi, p. 148) : " The

learned Mirzá Ulugh Beg has written a history which he has

called Ulus Arbaa. One of the ` four hordes ' is that of the

Moghul, who are divided into two branches, the Moghul and the

Chaghatái. But these two branches, on account of their mutual

enmity, used to call each other by a special name, by way of

depreciation. Thus the Chaghatái called the Moghul Jatah,

while the Moghul called the Chaghatái Karáwánás."

Cf. Ney ELIAS, l.c., pp. 76-77, and App. B, pp. 491-2, contain-

ing an inquiry made in Khorasán by Mr. Maula Bakhsh, Attaché at

the Meshed Consulate General, of the families of Kárnás, he has

heard or seen ; he says : " These people speak Turki now, and

are considered part of the Goklán Turkomans. They, however,

say they are Chingiz-Kháni Moghuls, and are no doubt the

descendants of the same Kárnás, or Karávanás, who took such a

prominent part in the victories in Persia.

" The word Kárnás, I was told by a learned Goklan Mullah,

means Tirandáz, or Shikári (i.e. Archer or Hunter), and was

applied to this tribe of Moghuls on account of their professional

skill in shooting, which apparently secured them an important

place in the army. In Turki the word Kárnás means Shikani-

parast literally, ` belly worshippers,' which implies avarice. This

term is in use at present, and I was told, by a Kázi of Bujnurd,

that it is sometimes used by way of reproach. . . . The Kárnás

people in Mina and Gurgán say it is the name of their tribe, and

they can give no other explanation."

XVIII., pp. 98, 10 2, 165.   The King of these scoundrels is called

NOGODAR."

Sir Aurel Stein has the following regarding the route taken

by this Chief in Se;'india, I., pp. 11- 1 2 :