free from misery ; (6) they possessed miraculous powers and (7) supernatural perception ; (8) they were without the very names male and female ; (9) without enemies and friends ; (10) without accumulation of riches ; their state (behaviour) was altogether in the manner of the gods.
At that time a knot formed on the crown of god Gsed-bu's (Gsed-can's) head. When it broke, a white man came out of it. He was (by Manu) made the royal race (Rá,jariya). From his neck a red man appeared ; he was shaped into the Bram-ze (Brahman) race. From his heart a yellow man appeared ; he was shaped into the noble race (Kshattriya). From the upper part of his foot a black man appeared ; he was shaped into one of the low (Súdra) race. These were the people of India of that time.
To the younger brother, Gsed's companion, were born Gym-gi-stirs and Gnodsbyin-gdon-dmar (Red-faced Yaksha). Gyin-gi-stir also had two sons, the elder one being Rlun-rje-bam-pa and the younger one Brag-srin. Of Rlur -rje-barn's family are the following :—Kha-che (Kashmir) ; Bal-yul (Nepal) ; Za-hor (Mandi) ; 'O-rgyan (Udyana) ; Ta-zig (Persia) ; Khrom-Ge-sar-hdan-ma (perhaps Ladakh) ; Rna-nam (Sna-nam, Samarkand ; see Jäschke) ; Thon-rii-gru-gu (near Kamba-rdzon) ; Rag-si (unknown), and the other tribes of Rga. They are the uncles of the four kinds of dwarfs. The younger son Brag-srin had two sons, the elder one being Thar-rje-thon-pa and the younger one the monkey Su-tin. The monkey Su-tin owned the eighteen provinces of Hbog-hchol. From him are descended the ninety-two tribes of barbarians (Tibetans). His elder brother Thaii(Thar ?)-rje-thon-pa had two sons. The name of the elder son was [H]bran-mi-skyin-pa, that of the younger one Hbrai -rje-yam-dad. From the younger brother are said to be descended the sixty tribes of Khob mzthah.-hkhob, barbarians ?
Hbran-mi-skyin-pa, the elder brother, had four sons, as follows :—The first is Skyon-pa-than-rje, the forefather of the people of Smra-Zan-zun (Gu-ge) ; after him comes Glin-ser-than-rje, the forefather of the people of Se-ha-ia (Lahul ?) ; after him p. 21 comes Rin-rjehu-ra, the forefather of the Ton-gsum-pa tribe. Together with Sku-rjekhrug-pa, the forefather of the Than-churl-ldon-mo=nag tribe, they are four. From these four the tribes of men spread far and wide. Sku-rje-khrug-pa had four sons, viz. Sku-gzugs-kyi-thog-ta, Smad-ma-rje, Gur-bu-rtsi, and Khal-rje, these four. Sku-gzugs-kyi-thog-ta had three sons, viz. Rtse-mi, Rje, and Rje-mi, these three. Smad-pa(ma)-rje had five sons, viz. Khra-mo, Rtsogs-ini, Drag-rje, Zas-rje, and Zan-rjebtsan, these five. Gur-bu-rtsi had five sons, viz. Yan-rje, Rin-rje, Smon-rje, Ya-ya, and Rtso-dkar-rje. These five belong to the royal race (Rájanyd, caste). To the caste of ministers belong Ldon-po-che-yons-tu, Ya-chen-ldor , Nam-chen-ldor , and Thogrgyud-ldor , these four. As regards the race of nobles (Kshattriya), Thog-rgyud-ldon married a woman, and eighteen sons were born. Then the eighteen Ldon-ru-chen, the Nes-ldon, and more clans than can be grasped with our minds originated.
Speaking generally, in Hdzam-bu -glin (Jambu-dvipa) there are five great countries ; sixty-two barbarian nations ; sixty further barbarian [nations] ' ; the eighteen large
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